The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of diameter ratio of an adiabatic
cylinder and the cavity tilt angle on natural convection from a square open tilted cavity, by developing
a finite element formulation suitable for the analysis of steady-state natural convection flow problems
using the adaptive meshing technique. The paper starts from the Navier–Stokes equations together
with the energy equation to derive the corresponding finite element equations. The computational
procedure used in the development of the computer program is described and then evaluated by an
example of natural convection in a square open inclined cavity.