Parasitology

Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
L:3 Parasitology
Parasitology: is the science dealing with the study of protozoa & pathogenic effects.
Parasite: an organism that lives in or on anther organisms (host) and obtains its food from
host.
Host: an organism which harbors parasite.
The parasites of medical importance fall into kingdom: Protista and animalia.
The parasites are classified as four phyla into
1. phylum: protozoa
2. phylum: platyhelminthus
3. phylum: nematode
4. phylum: trematode
Protozoa is single organism microscopic (belong to Protista ). In contrast, Helminthes are
multicellular organism or worm, macroscopic (belong to animalia). It possessing well
differentiated tissues &organ system. The length of worm vary from less than millimeter to
more than meter.
Classes of Protozoa:
Types of locomotion of organelle have been used to divide these into four major classes:
1. Rhizopods (amoebae): organelle of locomotion are pseudopodia and the mode of
reproduce by binary fission. Such as E. histolytica
2. Ciliaphora: Organelles of locomotion are cilia and the mode of reproduce by
binary fission. Such as Blantidium coli
3. Mastigophora or flagellated: organelle of locomotion are flagella and the mode
of reproduce by binary fission.
4. Sporozoa: is non motile and reproduce by sporogony\schizogony.
The types of relationships between parasites and host
1. Phoresis: the parasite transport through the host with mechanism. E. histolytica
2. Commensalism: this relation positive for parasite while neutralized for host.
3. Mutalism: positive for parasite and host.
4. Parasitism: positive for parasite and negative for host.
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
The infected phases of parasites:
1. ovum. 2. larva. 3. cyst. 4. adult phase (worm).
Transmission of parasitic infection
1. modes or portals of entry the host:
Ingestion, inoculation, inhalation, congenital, venereal, and other.
2. portals of exit from host:
Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genital tract, biting insect, and allergy.
1. Class: Rhizopods (amoebae): Entamoeba histolytica& Entamoeba coli
Morphology
E. histolytica & E. coli living in intestinal.The live cycle consists of two stage: trophozoite
& cyst. The morphology of cyst & troph. of E. histolytica& E. coli as shown in following
table.
a protozoa, that infects predominantly humans and other mammals such as dogs and cats
can become infected (the environmental survival form of the organism) with their feces. The
active (trophozoite) stage exists only in the host and in fresh feces; cysts survive outside the
host in water and soils and on foods, especially under moist conditions on the latter. When
swallowed they cause infections by excysting (to the troph. stage) in the digestive tract.
Amebiasis (or amoebiasis) or amebic dysentery is the name of the infection caused by E.
histolytica. In addition to infection of the large intestine, the organism may invade other
internal organ such as the lung, liver, skin and brain.
Signs and symptoms amebic dysentery:
In severe cases of intestinal amebiasis, the organism invades the lining of the intestine,
producing sores (ulcers), bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal cramps, vomiting, chills, and
fevers as high (40°C). In addition, a case of acute amebic dysentery3 may cause
complications, including inflammation of the appendix, a tear in the intestinal wall
(perforation), or a sudden, severe inflammation of the colon (fulminating colitis).
Entamoeba coli
is a non-pathogenic amoeba with worldwide distribution. Its life cycle is similar to that of
E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells.
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis is made by stool examination. The diagnostic stages
are troph. Or cyst or both in diarrhea stool. The infective stage is cyst.
Table showing the comparison between trophozoite of E. histolytica& E. coli
Table showing the comparison between of E. histolytica & E. coli
2. Class: Ciliaphora: Blantidium coli
B. coli has two types of nuclei: macronucleus that responsible for all activities of parasite
except the reproduction, while micronucleus that responsible for the reproduction only.
characteristic Troph. of E. histolytica
Troph. of E. coli
Size 8-65?m 12-55?m
No. of nuclei One one
Karyosome Small& centeral Large irregular shape, eccentric
Peripheral chromatin Fine& evenly distributed Coarse& unevenly distributed
Cytoplasm Finely granular Coarse& often vacuolated
Cytoplasmic
inclusion
Ingested RBC Bacteria, other debris
Motility
Progressive, finger like
pseudopodia
Non Progressive, blunt
pseudopodia
characteristic
cyst of E. histolytica
cyst of E. coli
Size 8-22?m 8-35?m
shape Spherical to round Spherical to round
No. of nuclei One to four One to eight
Karyosome Small& centeral Large irregular shape, eccentric
Peripheral chromatin Fine& evenly distributed Coarse
Cytoplasm Finely granular granular
Cytoplasmic inclusion
Chromatoid bars, rounded
ends, diffuse glycogen
mass
Chromatoid bars, rounded with
pointed ends, diffuse glycogen
mass
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
B. coli live in digestive system. It cause blantidiasis similar ameobiasis but differ from E.
histolytica that invade the liver. It has two phases: troph. & cyst.
1. Troph.: found in large intestine is consider largest parasite of protozoa, ovule shape,
covered with equal long cilia have two nuclei macronucleus (kidney shape) &
micronucleus (vascular shape). It has two contracted vacuoles & many vacuoles
contain bacteria or RBC in the acute infection with this parasite.
2. Cyst: spherical shape has thick cell wall but difficult to diagnostic nuclei.
Clinical symptoms
Balantidiasis. Symptomatic patients may experience a variety of discomforts, ranging from
mild colitis and diarrhea to full – blown clinical balantidiasis, which may often resemble
amebic dysentery. In this case, abscesses and ulcers may form in the mucosa and
submucosa of the large intestine followed by secondary bacterial infection. Acute
infections are characterized by up to 15 liquid stools per day containing pus mucus, and
blood. Patients who suffer from chronic infections may develop a tender colon, anemia,
cachexia, and occasional diarrhea, alternating with constipation. Balantidium coli has been
known to invade areas other than the intestine, such as the liver, lungs, pleura, mesenteric
nodes, and urogenital tract.
Life cycle
Human infection with B. coli is initiated upon ingestion of infective cysts in contaminated
food or water, unlike that of E. histolytica, multiplication of the B. coli nuclei does not
occur in the cyst phase, following excystation in the small intestine, the resulting
trophozoites take up residence and feed primarily in the cecal region and terminal portion
of the ileum, as well as in the lumen, mucosa, and submucosa of the large intestine. The
multiplication of each trophozoite occurs by transverse binary fission, from which two
young trophozoites emerge. The B. coli trophozoites are delicate and do not survive in the
outside environment. Encystation occurs in the lumen. The resulting cysts mature and
ultimately become the infective form for transmission into a new host. These cysts may
survive for weeks in the outside environment.
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
3. A:Class: Mastigophara (Flagellates)
1. Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, living in duodenum. The live cycle consists of two
stages: trophozoite & cysts
1. Trophozoite: is pear-shaped (symmetric organism), length 9-21?, with two
nuclei,four pairs of flagella, two axostylels and a suction disk which it attaches to the
intestinal wall.
2. Cyst is ellipsoid or oval cyst is thick walled with four nuclei and several internal
fibers, length 8-12 ?. Each cyst gives rise to two troph. During excystation in the
intestinal tract.
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
-Pathogenesis: transmission occurs by ingestion of the cyst in focally
contaminated food and water. Excystation takes place in the duodenum.
Where the troph. attaches to the gut wall but does not invade. Troph.
Causes inflammation of the duodenum mucosa, leading to malabsorption
of protein and fat.
-Clinical finding:
Giardiasis (“Traveler’s Diarrhea”). Symptomatic infections with Giardia lamblia may
be characterized by a wide variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild diarrhea
(watery, non bloody, foul smelling diarrhea (semi solid: and greasy), abdominal cramps,
anorexia, and flatulence to tenderness of the epigastric region steatorrhea, and
malabsorption syndrome. Patients suffering from a severe case of giardiasis produce light –
colored stools with a light fat content that may be caused by secretions produced by the
irritated mucosal lining. Fat soluble vitamin deficiencies, folic acid deficiencies,
hypoproteinemia with hypogammaglobulinemia, and structural changes of the intestinal
villa may also be observed in such cases.
Diagnosis
1. By finding troph, cyst in stool. 2. Using ELISA test. 3. String test.
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Nursing college, Second stage Microbiology
Dr.Nada Khazal K. Hendi
Diagnostic stages are troph. Or cyst or both in diarrhea stool. The infective stage is cyst.
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