lecture 2

Applications of Biotech
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use
There are four main subfields of biotech, which most implementations fit under: green, blue, white, and red. Green biotech has to do with plants and growing, blue biotech has to do with aquatic uses of biological technology, white biotech is used in industry, and red biotech is used for medical purposes. While all four subfields have contributed a number of valuable processes, green biotech is probably the most widely used, while blue biotech is still relatively rare. White biotech, which is also sometimes referred to as grey biotech, primarily focuses on using biological organisms to produce or manipulate things in a way that is beneficial for industry. Some bacteria can be used to treat metals or plastics, for example, in a way that may be more efficient or more cost-effective than more traditional methods. Others may be used to actively produce a chemical or compound to be used in the industrial process. One exciting use of white biotech is a way of cleaning a contaminated environment by releasing bacteria that help break down or degrade the unwanted chemical. Bacteria that consume oil from oil spills are one example of this. Red biotech is used to create substances for medical use or to directly aid the body in fighting a disease or illness. The practice of genetically modifying yeasts and bacteria to produce drugs is one widespread use of red biotech, often allowing for the creation of drugs that would otherwise be impossible to manufacture. Manipulating a patient’s genome to cure a disease is another, relatively new use of red biotech. Green biotech is easily the oldest use of biotechnology by humans, dating back to the first uses of selective breeding in plants, and in the modern age, green biotech is also the most hotly contested area of biotechnological growth. The genetic modification of plants to produce desired effects – such as resistance to a certain chemical or pest, or increased crop yield – is widely used throughout the world on a number of crops, particularly staple food crops such as corn, rice, and soy. Many proponents believe that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have the potential to be much more environmentally friendly and to help solve food crises throughout the world. Opponents believe these transgenic food crops pose a threat to biodiversity, and may pose health risks as well.
Applications Of Biotech
Biotechnology has application in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses.
Applications Of Biotech On Medicine
Biotechnology is a very huge field and its applications are used in a variety of fields of science such as agriculture and medicine. The pasture of biotechnology, genetic engineering, has introduced techniques like gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology and polymerase chain retort which employ genes and DNA molecules to make a diagnosis diseases and put in new and strong genes in the body which put back the injured cells. There are some applications of biotechnology, which are live, their part in the turf of medicine and giving good results
1-Biopharmaceutical

By means of the technique of biotechnology, the drugs biopharmaceuticals were urbanized. There are no chemicals concerned in the combination of these drugs, but microorganisms have completed it likely to expand them. Large molecules of proteins are typically the source of biopharmaceuticals. They when under attack in the body attack the hidden mechanisms of the disease and wipe out them. Now scientists are annoying to expand such biopharmaceutical drugs which can be treated against the diseases like hepatitis, cancer and heart diseases.
2-Gene therapy
Gene therapy is one more technique of biotechnologies which is used to delicacy and diagnoses diseases like cancer and Parkinson s disease. The apparatus of this technique is that the fit genes are under attack in the body which either obliterate the injured cells or replace them. In some cases, the fit genes make corrections in the genetic information and that is how the genes start performance in the favor of the body.
So gene therapy : is in a way, genetic engineering of humans, which would allow a personsuffering from a disabling genetic disorder to lead a normal life.
3-Immune technologies:
Such as monoclonal antibodies (MABs) for diagnosis and therapy.Antibodies, special sets of proteins present in humans that enable them to fight incursion oftheir bodies by harmful chemicals or micro-organisms. Monoclonal antibodies are singlechemical species of antibodies produced in the laboratory by a special technique. Nobel Prize was awarded for this in the 1980’s to Cesar Milstein and Georges Koehler. Mouse MAB’s can be used for the diagnosis of human diseases. As human MABs are difficult to produce in thelaboratory, genetically engineered plants are likely to find wide application in the production ofhuman MABs.
4-Tissue culture:
Tissue culture of both plant and animal cells. These are used for Micropropagation of elite or exotic materials (Such as orchids), production of useful compounds suchas taxol (the widely used anti-cancer drug) and vanillin, and preparation in the laboratory of natural” tissues such as arteries for arterial graft or
skin for burn victims. (Modern tissueculture technologies allow the multiplication in the laboratory of cells isolated from plants andanimals. In the case of plants, one can grow in the lab a whole plant from a single cell.)
5-Stem cell techniques:
This would involve purification and isolation of stem cells from varioustissues and develop into the desired tissue which could then be used, for example, fortransplantation. Stem cells can be either totipotent (have the capability to produce any desiredcell type or organ of the body under specific conditions) or they could be pluripotent (able todevelop into several though not all cell types or organs). As embryonic stem cells are morelikely to potency than stem cells from adult tissues, the immediate emphasis in the area of stemcells is going to be first in the direction of establishing cell lines derived from early humanembryos, from which stem cells could be isolated.
6-Enzyme engineering and technology:
Involves immobilized or stabilized enzymes, new classesof enzymes (ribozymes) or new enzymatic routes that produce important organic compounds.Enzymes are biological catalysts (Generally proteins) poised to replace inorganic catalysts,which are used in chemical industry. (Proteins are abundant biological entities made up oftwenty amino acids strung together like pearls in a necklace, by a special type