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Carbohydrate Metabolism

By Dr. Mohammad

Carbohydrates include the sugars (monosaccharides) and their polymers (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides).

Repeat classification and structures of carbohydrates – monosaccharides, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, glycogen), glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans.

Glucose is a universal substrate for gain of energy. Most tissues are partially or totally dependent on glucose for ATP generation and for production of precursors of other pathways. Insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose levels near 3.3 to 6.1 mmol/L.

In the digestive tract, dietary polysaccharides and disaccharides are converted to monosaccharides by glycosidases.  Monosaccharides are transported from intestine into blood and circulate to the liver and peripheral tissues, where they are taken up by facilitative transporters.

Glucose transport proteins (GLUT 1 – 7) are responsible for facilitative diffusion of glucose across cell membranes.