Computer organization

Computing machines have been around for a long time, hundreds of years. The Chinese abacus, the calculators with gears and wheels and the first analog computers are all examples of computing machinery; in some cases quite complex, that predates the introduction of digital computing systems. The computing machines that we’re interested in came about in the 1940s because World War II artilleryالمدفعية needed a more accurate way to calculate the trajectoriesالمسارات of the shells fired القذائفfrom battleshipsالبوارج . Today, the primary reason that computers have become so pervasiveانتشار is the advances madeالصناعة المتقدمة in integrated circuit manufacturing technology. The modern computer has become faster and more powerful but the basic architecture of a computing machine has essentially stayed the same for many years.
Most of us use computers for a variety of tasksمهام متنوعة , from serious scientific computations to entertainmentالتسلية . The computer system can be divided into computer hardware and computer software. Computer hardware is the electronic circuitry that performs the actual work. Hardware includes things with which you are already familiar such as the processor, memory, keyboard, CD burner, and so on.
Computer software can be divided into application software and system software. A user interacts with the system through an application program. For the user, the application is the computer! For example, if you are interested in browsing the Internet, you interact with the system through a Web browser such as the Internet Explorer. For you, the system appears as though it is executing the application program (i.e., Web browser)