The Kingdom

The Kingdom
The kingdom is the highest category in classification of organisms created by Carolos Linnaeus in 1750 into two kingdoms plants and animals then in 1969 Robert Whittaker devised five kingdoms system that maintained kingdoms plantae and animalia but added kingdoms Protista , Fungi and Prokaryotae

The kingdom
Kingdom of Plantae
Kingdom of Animalia
Kingdom of Fungi
Kingdom of Protista
Kingdom of Prokaryotae

Eukaryotic cell

The protoplasm (cytoplasm): The cytoplasm is a jelly – like material surrounding the nucleus of a cell which contains most of the cells structures, it is support and protect cell organelles. The liquid (non-particulate) part of the cytoplasm is called the cytosol; the organelles and cytoskeleton lie in cytosol. Cytoplasm is a colloidal in nature composed of mixture of organic and inorganic materials
The protoplasm contains
Substance Percentage Form
water 85 – 90% free and bound
protein 7 – 10% albumin , globulin
fatty substance 1 -2% lipid
organics material 1 – 1.5 % carbohydrates
inorganic element 1 – 1.5 % Na , K, Ca ,Mg ,Cl , SO4
Plasma membrane
The molecular organization of plasma membrane against fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicholson 1972, it appears to be made of bilayers of polar lipids ( phospholipids , cholesterol , glycolipid) coated on both sides by proteins. In the membrane a certain invaginations could be recognized, they serve to increase cellular surface area to facilitate transport of materials in and out of the cell called desmosomes and act as an intercellular bridges . Plasma membrane regulates the entry and exit of molecules and ions in addition to contains receptors for various external signals.

Transport process across C.M
Types of cell organelles in Cytoplasm
We will group the organelles into three categories:

Group 1 - Those organelles involved in protein production
Endoplasmic reticulum
ER. (Endoplasmic means within the cytoplasm , reticulum : little net ) it is a network of tubular , flattened sacs surrounded by very thin lipoprotein membrane composed of lipid bilayer embedded with proteins , it appears to be continuous with cell membrane on one hand and nuclear membrane on the other .
1- Rough or granular type (RER)
2-Smooth or a granular type (SER)

Ribosome
Ribosome is a small dense rounded and granular particle, with a diameter of 150 to 250 A?. The ribosome was described by Palade in 1952 and appear either freely in the matrix of the mitochondria, chloroplast and cytoplasm or remain attached with membrane of endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. In the cells in which active protein synthesis, the ribosomes remain attached with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum such as in pancreatic cells, hepatic cells, cells of the glandular stomach, thyroid cells. Ribosome is chemically composed of RNA and proteins. The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a central role in the process of protein synthesis. It is consists of two ribosomal subunits that combine in presence of Mg+2 ions to form a functional ribosome of 70S in bacteria and 80S in eukaryotes.
The ribosome 80S

Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is named for Camillo Golgi an Italian physician, who discovered in 1898. Golgi bodies are abundant in cells that a secret chemical substance ex. pancreatic cells secreting digestive enzyme and in nerve cells that is secreting neurotransmitters. The structure of Golgi apparatus consist of elongated flattened sacs or cisternae (cisterna: collecting vessels closed spaces serving as fluid reservoirs) running parallel to each other a group of large vacuoles lying near the margin of the flattened sacs and clusters of small vesicles.
Golgi apparatus functions
1-Formation of secretory vesicles, protein initially synthesized in ER. passes to Golgi complex forming face transition (concave) vesicles and there found enzymes called glycosyl transferasas helps in adding sugar groups to form glycoproteins and latter leave the Golgi complex as membrane – bounded secetory granules (secretary vesicles ).

2- Golgi complex is involved in linking sugar molecules to form polysaccharides

3- Golgi forms certain intra – cellular structures such as certain yolk substances and cortical granules of oocyst and the complex also shares in the formation of lysosomes.

Question of lecture
Name the cytoplasm - Protein Producing Organelles group


Question of lecture
Cell membrane in Eukaryotic cell found in plant, fungi, bacteria but not in animal cells/ this statement right or false





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