terminology lecture3

Dental terminology
Dr.Issam Aljorani (BDS, MSc. Ortho.)
Lecture 3
Description of Pain


Pain has been described as a physical or mental suffering or distress with a variety of sources. Pain may come from emotional factors, or it may be a reaction to injury, illness, or body sickness.


Local Anesthesia
Local anesthesia (derived from two Greek words: an = without and athesia = feeling) is given while the patient is fully conscious.


It blocks nerve endings from transporting pain messages to the brain. It can be differentiated as:
Topical (in a specific place) analgesia: application of topical anesthetics to pain sites, to minor operative procedure areas, and to places about to receive injections. Anesthetics in the form of creams, liquids, sprays, gels, and ointments are used to desensitize nerve endings and work only on mucous tissue. Two topical sprays used on skin tissue are benzocaine and lidocaine.


Local (limited to one place) anesthesia: loss of sensation in a selected area.
Equipment Used for Local Anesthesia
Most local anesthetic injections are delivered using the following basic equipment:
Anesthetic syringe
Needle: size gauges 25, 27, and 30; the higher the number, the thinner the needle.
Carpule: also called cartridge; glass vial containing the anesthetic solution to be placed by the syringe.












Term usually used in dental anatomy
Proximal surface: - mean the mesial surface & distal surface of tooth
Labial surface: - directed toward the inner surface of the lips
Buccal surfaces: - directed toward the inner surface of cheeks
Lingual surfaces: - this terms used in the lower teeth directed toward the tongue
Palatal surfaces: - this term used in upper teeth directed toward palate.

Examination of the Oral Tissues
A variety of diseases may be found in the oral cavity such as:


Oral lesion (injury, wound): altered inflammatory tissue or infected patch in the skin. Lesions that affect tooth tissues are called caries.
Gingivitis (inflammation of gingiva): redness and swelling of the gingival tissues


Periodontitis (peri=around, don = tooth, itis = inflammation): inflammation of the gingiva with involvement of deeper periosteal tissues indicated by formation of pockets and bone loss.
Pericoronitis (peri = around, corono = tooth crown, itis = inflammation): inflammation around the crown of a tooth. Pericoronitis happens quite often with erupting third molar teeth.
Fistula (pathway for pus escape, pipe): tissue opening for pus drainage, providing some pain relief from buildup of pulpal pressure.
Aphthous ulcer (alpha = little ulcer): small, painful ulcer within the mouth; also called canker sore.
Thrush: fungus infection of mouth and/or throat; appears as white patches or ulcers on tissues and is caused by Candidiasis infection of the oral mucosa
Dental Caries are also known as decay or carious lesions. One cause of decay is the Streptococcus mutans bacteria, which produce acid to destroy tooth tissues through decalcification and demineralization of the enamel tissue and its matrix, and later moves into other tissue structures. types of dental decay include:
Incipient caries: beginning decay.
Rampant caries: widespread or growing decay.
Recurrent caries: decay occurring under or near repaired margins of tooth restorations.
Arrested caries: decay showing no progressive tendency.






Radiography

X-Rays
X-rays are radiant energy waves that are produced, charged, and emitted from a common center in the dental radiation tube.
Properties of x- Rays


X-rays are considered hazardous and dangerous to the body tissues. X-radiation is made possible by producing ions. An ion is a particle that carries an electrical charge. This unbalanced atom particle may attempt union with body cell atoms, causing ionizing radiation, or a change in cell structure.

Radiation Protection


When exposing X-rays, the use of radiation safety apparel and devices is critical. Among the equipment and methods of protection against overexposure of X-radiation to the patient and the operator are:
ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable): using the lowest amount of radiation exposure possible.
Lead apron/thyrocervical collar: patient apparel with lead protection.
Lead barriers, shields: devices used by operators to block out scattered radiation.

Conventional Radiographs


There are several basic kinds, sizes, and speeds of conventional dental films;
Periapical film packet: used for the intraoral periapical view of the entire tooth or teeth in a given area along with adjacent tissues and oral structures.



Bitewing film packet (also called interproximal radiograph): film used to record crown and interproximal views of both arches while in occlusion.



Occlusal film packet: film that may be used intraorally or extraorally to expose large areas.


Cephalometric (cephal = head, metric = measure) films: also called headplates. These extraoral radiographs of the head are used in orthodontic, oral surgery, and sometimes in prosthodontic dentistry.



Panoramic radiograph: a special radiograph capturing a view of the entire dentition with the surrounding structures on one film.

Diagnostic Qualities for Dental Radiographs
Dental radiographs must exhibit certain qualities to be effective;
? Contrast: variations in shades from black to white. A radiograph exhibiting many variations in shades is considered to possess long-scale contrast.
? Density/brightness: amount of film blackening associated with the percentage of light transmitted through a film.
? Detail: point-to-point delineation or view of tiny structures in a radiograph image.
? Definition/smoothness: outline sharpness and clarity of image exhibited on a radiograph.
? Radiolucent (radius = ray, lucent = shine): describes a radiograph that appears dark, or the ability of a substance to permit passage of X-rays, thereby causing the radiographic film to darken.
? Radiopaque (radius = ray, pacus = dark): the portion of the radiograph that appears light, or the ability of a substance to resist X-ray penetration, thereby causing a light area on the film.
3D Radiology
Since the discovery of X-rays, radiographs have been viewed in a 2D effect. Digital radiography with its use of computer assessment of exposed pixels produces an electronic image, also in two dimensions, but with the additional application of voxels (depth elements), a third dimension is added to the finished product. The collected data (computed axial tomography [CAT]) consists of multiple images and produces 3D views of the target area. In-depth measurements and views are particularly helpful for many dental uses.
Some dental terminology words applied to 3D
Cone beam computerized tomography or CBCT, are: (tomas- = section, slice or part, graphy = measured record): the act of gathering and data measurement of a slice or section.

You can download this lecture and slideshow from
elearn.uobabylon.edu.iq



Dr.Issam M. Abdullah Aljorani
BDS, MSc. Ortho.
University of Babylon/ college of dentistry
asd.issam@gmail.com
2017