Immune response

Immune response
Lecture (9) Dr.Baha,Hamdi.AL-Amiedie

Ph.D.Microbiolgy


Primary Immune Response:
Primary Immune Response to initial antigenic stimulus is slow, sluggish, short live with low antibody titer
that do not persist for along time ,antibody formed are 1gM.

The antibody classes start with 1gM followed by IgG and described as Antigen specific response.


Secondary Immune Response to subsequent stimuli is prompt, powerful prolonged and with much higher level of antibody it vast for long time
Antibody predominatly formed are IgG, prescence of memory cell which are specific for antigen, so always if we give multiple dose of the same Antigen to the same host will lead good immune response because of the regulatory mechanisum , The antigen type is in these responses is B-dependent-Antigen .




factors affecting antibody production
Nutritional status
Route of administration
Size and Number of doses
Multiple antigens
Adjuvant
Immunosuppressive agent
Age

Cellular Immune Response: -
The term cell rnediated immunity refers to the specific immune responses that do not involve antibodies, induction of cell mediated immune response (CMI) consists of specifically sensitizing T-lymphocytes comes against the antigen. When sensitized T-cell comes in contact with antigen determinant (epitopes)by the function of Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) ,so T-cell under goes blast transformation and clonal proliferations selectively in paracortical areas of lymph nodes.
lymphokines: material required as secreted proteins from the activated T-cell , These Lymphokine have several biological function





lymphokines: material required as secreted proteins from the activated T-cell , These Lymphokine have several biological function
1-Effect on Lymphocytes:This role is done by:
a-Blastogenic factor (BF)
b-Potentiation factor (PF)
c-Cell co-operation factor (CE).

2-Effect on macrophage : This Lymphokine is function is covered out
by the following:
a-Macrophage inhibition Factor (MIF)
b-Macrophage aggregation Factor (MAF)
c-Macrophage chemotactic Factor (MCF)

3-Effect on granulocytes :

a-Inhibition factor

b-Chemotactic factor

4-Effect on tissue culture :

a-L ymphotoxine
b-Interferon
C-Proliferation inhibition

Antibody or
lmmunoglobulin

Are glyeoproteins present in the gama- globuline fraction of serum. Immunoglobulin generally natural present in blood without previous antigenic stimulation However antibody are the Immunoglobulin that
Produce specifically by B-cell after antigenic stimulation . Thus all antibodies are Immunoglobulin while no all Immunoglobulin are antibody



The charateriste of antibody are :

glycoprotein in nature.
specific to antigine induce them.
React specifically with their own antigen
Antibody are distributed in serum, body fluid, Urine ,Saliva , Ear wax and tears.


The basic structure of antibody Molecule
the antibody molecule is a four chains molecule which are:
two light chain (L.C) consist of 214 amino acid, 106 amino acid respect the constant region of molecule while variable region consist of 108 amino acid for Kappa & Lambda
two heavy chain (HC) consist of 440 amino acid, residcus 322 amino acid occur in constant region (CH). 118 amino acid in the variable region (VH)



There are 5 Classes of (HC) Heavy chain content for five Classes of lmmunoglobulines:
1-(Gamma) or lgG
2-(Mu) or lgM
3-(Alpha) or lgA
4-(Epsilon) or lgE
5-(Dalta) or IgD
The variable region in both heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) are consist the antigen combination sit.
Fab : it is amino acid terminal half of heavy chain & light, it act as Antigen binding fragment .
Fc: It is carboxyl terminal half of heavy chain & determine biological properties of Immunoglobuline


Antigen and Antibody Reaction
Antigen-Antibody reactions are useful in:
1-Laboratory diagnosis of various diseases
2- in the identification of infectious agents in epidemiological survey
. Antigen - antibody reactions in vitro are called serological reactions.
The following are the important tests based on
antigen -Antibody reactions


The important test based on the Antigen-Antibody reaction :
1-Agglutination
•2- Precipitation
•3- Redial — immunoassay
• 4-5-ELISA
•6- Immune fluorescence
• 7-Neutralization
• 8-Haemegglutination
• 9-Antiglobuline test ( comb’s test )
• 10-Complement fixation test. and other tests using complement system

The antigen -Anti body complex is not found firmly together and may dissociate spontaneously unless PH, salt concentration and temperature are properly adjusted the major forces that hold antigen - antibody complex together are their ionic attractions the antigen have three factors which affected the Antigen —Antibody Reaction:
a-movement antigen
b- Bivalent Antigens,
c-multivalent. Antigens
Precipitation:
when soluble antigen combines with its antibody in presence of electrolytes (Nacl) at suitable temperature and PH the antigen — antibody complex forms insoluble Precipitate.


Lattice hypothesis:
It is multivalent antigens combine with bivalent antibody in varying proportions , depending antigen antibody ratio in reaction mixture Precipitation results.
When large lattice is formed consisting of alternating antigen and antibody molecules.
This possible only in the zone of equivalence. zone of antigen and antibody excess lattice does not enlarge as valiancy of antigen and antibody is fully satisfied .
In general precipitation is maximum when optimal proportions of
antibody combine precipitation can, be produced in solutions or in semisolid (agar gel) medium, precipitation in solution can be shown by adding these two on a slide and mixing well or in small narrow tubes one -


The Complement system
A plasma protein with 25 fraction these protein heat sensitive at 56 C for 30 minutes , the chemical structure of complement is polypeptide chains interconnected by disulfide bound.
The complement system plays a major role in host defense and the inflammatory process. The complement component synthesized in liver , spleen as well as enterocytes with 25 fractions. Nine fraction of which are involve in complement pathways which act as sequential manner and can be activated or inhibited , properdin is important on first exposure to Microorganism (first Immune Response)







The function of complement system:
The complement displays a wide range of biologial activites when activated:
1-Mediated Antigen-Antibody Reaction
2-Mediated inflammatory response
3-Facilitate phagocytosis.
4-Facilitate blood coagulation
5-Neutralize viruses effect & the effect of bacterial LPS
6-Play a role in the non-specific resistance to microbial infection
7-Associated with immune distraction - of blood cellular component

Complement fixation test :
This is very sensitive is very
sensitive test and is capable of detection Antigen & Antibody it is used
for serological diagnosis with principle :
The ability of Antigen – Antibody complex
to fix complement used for diagnosis of disease
1. Spirochaetal disease e.g Sphilis (wasserman reaction)
2. Rickettsial disease e.g typhus fever.
3. Viral disease like lymphogranuloma venerum
4. Parasitic disease e.g kala-azar, hydatid cyst, amoebiasis



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