metabolism of microorganism

metabolism of Microbiology

Lectuer (3)
Dr.Baha, H.AL-Amiedi
Ph .D.Microbiology


The processes of breakdown and utilization of food material in bacteria are basically similar to higher organisms ,metabolism can be divided into
a. catabolism
b. anabolism
Catabolism: is break down of chemical compound into their constituent atoms molecules.
Anabolism : conversion or synthesis of catabolically generated atom into macromolecuoles that constitute physical & chemical make up of cells
catabolism :
All microorganisum seem to have certain fundamental metabolic pathway concerned in the interconversion
necessary for the production abasic building blocks .

Energy metabolism
Energy used by bacteria primarily is produced by fermentative and /or respiratory metabolic pathway the expression of genes necessary for the utilization of substrates or for the synthesis of critical compounds it tightly regulated to satisfy the bacterium needs without consuming unncecessary energy. By breakdown of chemical compounds the main energy - providing chemical compounds are the nutrients carbohydrates lipid and protein

Respiration metabolism.
aerobes obtain energy by a series of coupled oxidation reductions in which the ultimate electron accepter is atmospheric O2 . In this aerobic respiration the carbon and energy source may be complete oxidized to carbon dioxide
and water energy is obtain by a process called oxidative phosphorylation production of energy rich phosphate bounds &their transfer adenosine diphosphate to form adenosine triphosphate ,glucose C6H12O6 is main respiratory substrate which broken down in living organism to yield energy series enzyme - controlled chemical changes slowly release the potential energy from glucose
ATP can be moved inside the cell and release kinetic energy for various cell activities at the same time forming ADP
C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2+6H2O +38 ATP
The most common type of respiration for human pathogen and commensal, pyurvate formed by the Embolden – meyerhof pathway also known as Glycolysis it occur in cytocol of all cells these system consist of some ten enzymes and can operate under both aerobic & anaerobic condition and aerobically so pyurvate is converted to carbon dioxide via acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl coA) which is the substrate to the Kreb cycle also
Known as the tricarboxylic acid ( TCA) cycle.
It is located in mitocondria the significant of krebs cycle are for production of carbon skeleton for synthesis reactions particularly those leading to synthesis of amino acid and generation of ATP in aerobic condition. other carbohydrate degradation is hexose monophate or pentose or pentose phosphate
pathway and Entner –Dudoroff pathway. intermediates formed and ATP are used in
synthesis of cellular substance

Anerobic respiration
Anaerobic(fermentation) growth occurs by a process in which organic compound (glucose) is not completely oxidized and yields the
end product alcohole lactic acid and others and only a few molecule of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized are produced .this process is called substrate level phosphorylation,
other fermentation product with diversity of products by the farther metabolism of pyurvate ,depending on the species of bacteria and environmental condition such as PH so the products formed are characteristic of particular species and aid to classification.

Anapolism
There are wide differences in ability of cells to carry out the individual biosynthesis of essential manomers, co-enzymes ..etc. from the building blocks produced by catabolism. Others almost completely lack such biosynthesis power within these two extremities there is a wide spectrum of different biosynthesis of essential low molecular weight compounds.




protein synthesis:
Three types of RNA are involve in protein synthesis (1) Ribosome RNA {rRNA }

(2)Messenger RNA {mRNA

(3) Transfer RNA{tRNA} DNA transfers the genetic code for protein synthesis to the (mRNA) .m RNA
Joint With several ribosomes called polyribosomes .tRNA possesses the information for placing each amino acid in the correct position on the mRNA - ribosome complex by specific enzynmes and energy As each tRNA combine with its complement-
ery amino acid .The amino acid forms a peptid
linkage with amino acid of preceding tRNA
This tRNA is then repeats the process .this poly-
Peptide grows on the mRNA__ribosome.when the
Entire mRNA has been translated into the amino acid sequence ,the complete polypeptide is released
from the ribosome as a specific protein.the mRNA ribosome complex remains and continues the process.

The main steps of protein synthesis are:
1-Amino acid are activated and form a complex with. Enzymes synthetase.
2-The activated amino acid are transferred to soluble RNA or tRNA These reactions are catalyzed by amino acetyl RNA synthetase.
3-mRNA is synthestized on template of chromosomal DNA through the activity of RNA polymerase .
4-mRNA migreat to Ribosomes to form polysome and serve as template for assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chain. The genetic code is incorporated in the mRNA













metabolism of Microbiology

Lectuer (3)
Dr.Baha, H.AL-Amiedi
Ph .D.Microbiology


The processes of breakdown and utilization of food material in bacteria are basically similar to higher organisms ,metabolism can be divided into
a. catabolism
b. anabolism
Catabolism: is break down of chemical compound into their constituent atoms molecules.
Anabolism : conversion or synthesis of catabolically generated atom into macromolecuoles that constitute physical & chemical make up of cells
catabolism :
All microorganisum seem to have certain fundamental metabolic pathway concerned in the interconversion
necessary for the production abasic building blocks .

Energy metabolism
Energy used by bacteria primarily is produced by fermentative and /or respiratory metabolic pathway the expression of genes necessary for the utilization of substrates or for the synthesis of critical compounds it tightly regulated to satisfy the bacterium needs without consuming unncecessary energy. By breakdown of chemical compounds the main energy - providing chemical compounds are the nutrients carbohydrates lipid and protein

Respiration metabolism.
aerobes obtain energy by a series of coupled oxidation reductions in which the ultimate electron accepter is atmospheric O2 . In this aerobic respiration the carbon and energy source may be complete oxidized to carbon dioxide
and water energy is obtain by a process called oxidative phosphorylation production of energy rich phosphate bounds &their transfer adenosine diphosphate to form adenosine triphosphate ,glucose C6H12O6 is main respiratory substrate which broken down in living organism to yield energy series enzyme - controlled chemical changes slowly release the potential energy from glucose
ATP can be moved inside the cell and release kinetic energy for various cell activities at the same time forming ADP
C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2+6H2O +38 ATP
The most common type of respiration for human pathogen and commensal, pyurvate formed by the Embolden – meyerhof pathway also known as Glycolysis it occur in cytocol of all cells these system consist of some ten enzymes and can operate under both aerobic & anaerobic condition and aerobically so pyurvate is converted to carbon dioxide via acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl coA) which is the substrate to the Kreb cycle also
Known as the tricarboxylic acid ( TCA) cycle.
It is located in mitocondria the significant of krebs cycle are for production of carbon skeleton for synthesis reactions particularly those leading to synthesis of amino acid and generation of ATP in aerobic condition. other carbohydrate degradation is hexose monophate or pentose or pentose phosphate
pathway and Entner –Dudoroff pathway. intermediates formed and ATP are used in
synthesis of cellular substance

Anerobic respiration
Anaerobic(fermentation) growth occurs by a process in which organic compound (glucose) is not completely oxidized and yields the
end product alcohole lactic acid and others and only a few molecule of ATP for each molecule of glucose oxidized are produced .this process is called substrate level phosphorylation,
other fermentation product with diversity of products by the farther metabolism of pyurvate ,depending on the species of bacteria and environmental condition such as PH so the products formed are characteristic of particular species and aid to classification.

Anapolism
There are wide differences in ability of cells to carry out the individual biosynthesis of essential manomers, co-enzymes ..etc. from the building blocks produced by catabolism. Others almost completely lack such biosynthesis power within these two extremities there is a wide spectrum of different biosynthesis of essential low molecular weight compounds.




protein synthesis:
Three types of RNA are involve in protein synthesis (1) Ribosome RNA {rRNA }

(2)Messenger RNA {mRNA

(3) Transfer RNA{tRNA} DNA transfers the genetic code for protein synthesis to the (mRNA) .m RNA
Joint With several ribosomes called polyribosomes .tRNA possesses the information for placing each amino acid in the correct position on the mRNA - ribosome complex by specific enzynmes and energy As each tRNA combine with its complement-
ery amino acid .The amino acid forms a peptid
linkage with amino acid of preceding tRNA
This tRNA is then repeats the process .this poly-
Peptide grows on the mRNA__ribosome.when the
Entire mRNA has been translated into the amino acid sequence ,the complete polypeptide is released
from the ribosome as a specific protein.the mRNA ribosome complex remains and continues the process.

The main steps of protein synthesis are:
1-Amino acid are activated and form a complex with. Enzymes synthetase.
2-The activated amino acid are transferred to soluble RNA or tRNA These reactions are catalyzed by amino acetyl RNA synthetase.
3-mRNA is synthestized on template of chromosomal DNA through the activity of RNA polymerase .
4-mRNA migreat to Ribosomes to form polysome and serve as template for assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chain. The genetic code is incorporated in the mRNA