Across all levels of the organisation, information is used as the basis for decision-making by operational and management staff. The type of decision to be made generally depends on the level within the organisation. Clerks typically make routine decisions based on clear guidelines. Top-level managers are faced with more uncertainty and the decision process is correspondingly much more unstructured.
This dichotomy of information work is reflected in Figure 8-2, which contrasts the two extreme types of decision, sometimes referred to as Type I and Type II decisions. In practice, most decisions fall somewhere between these two extremes and share some characteristics of both Types I and II, although decisions made by clerical staff are likely to be closer to Type I, and decisions made by senior management will incorporate more Type II characteristics. Because of this, the information systems used at higher levels of the organisation tend to be more complex: it is far simpler to automate the decision as to when paper for the photocopier should be re-ordered, than to decide whether to introduce a completely new product.
Although the different types of information systems may be described under separate headings, integration between them is vital if the information flows within the organisation are going to successfully meet the needs of a wide range of users, who may be making decisions affecting more than one functional area of the business, based on data from a variety Of different sources.
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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