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Quadratic Residues
If is prime and , examining the nonzero elements of , it is sometimes important to know which of these are squares. If for some , there exists a square such that . Then all squares for can be calculated by where . is a quadratic residue modulo if there exists an such that . If no such exists, then is a quadratic non-residue modulo . is a quadratic residue modulo a prime if and only if .
Example
For the finite field , to find the squares , proceed as follows:
The values above are quadratic residues. The remaining (in this example) 9 values are know as quadratic nonresidues. the complete listing is given below.
Quadratic residues:
Quadratic nonresidues:
Legendre Symbol
The Legendre symbol denotes whether or not is a quadratic residue modulo the prime and is only defined for primes and integers . The Legendre of with respect to is represented by the symbol . Note that this does not mean divided by . has one of three values: .
Jacobi Symbol
The Jacobi symbol applies to all odd numbers where , then:
If is prime, then the Jacobi symbol equals the Legendre symbol (which is the basis for the Solovay-Strassen primality test).
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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