?-adrenergic receptor antagonists poisoning

?-adrenergic receptor antagonists poisoning
-adrenergic receptor antagonists ?ARAs antagonize the effect of catecholamines at ?-adrenoceptors, they are used to treat a broad spectrum of illnesses. Cardiovascular applications include hypertension, angina pectoris, tachydysrhythmias. Noncardiovascular uses include treatment of essential tremor, pheochromocytoma, glaucoma, anxiety, and migraine headaches.
there are at least three ?-receptor subtypes:
(1) the ?1 subunit, located in myocardium, kidney, and eye;
(2) the ?2 subunit, found in adipose, pancreas, liver, and muscle tissue; and
(3) the ?3 subunit, located in adipose tissue.
Stimulation of the ?1 subunit produces increased chronotropy and inotropy in the heart, as well as increased renin secretion by the kidney and aqueous humor production in the anterior chamber of the eye. Beta2 agonism relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels and the bronchial tree, intestinal tract, and uterus. Additionally, ?2 activation prepares the body for increased metabolic demands during periods of stress by stimulating lipolysis and glycogenolysis and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreas. The ?3 subunit may alter lipid metabolism by induction of lipolysis.
The ?-Adrenergic Receptor System
Toxic Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetic differences
Pharmacologic differences include
Clinical presentation of patients with ?-blockers overdose
Treatment of patients with beta blockers overdose