cervical carcinoma

Carcinoma of the cervix
Carcinoma of the cervix is the second commonest cancer among women worldwide, with only breast cancer occurring more commonly, Of the new cases, 80% occur in the less developed countries
Cervical cancer is of unknown aetiology
HPV types 16 and 18 are the most commonly associated with cervical cancer
The association between HPV infection and cervical cancer has led to the development of vaccines both to prevent and to treat this disorder and its precursors (CIN).
Diagnosis
1- A full history (symptoms and signs )
2- clinical examination.
atypical consistency on bimanual examination.
if the tumour is large it may look like a friable polyp or an ulcerated area that bled on contact, or If the referral is due to cervical cytology suspicious of invasion, then
3- a colposcopic examination should be performed.
Suspicious features at colposcopy:
a- intense acetowhiteness,
b- atypical vessels,
c- raised/ulcerated surface.

4- Definite diagnosis is based on histological study of appropriately taken biopsies.
Histology
Squamous cell carcinoma (80–85%)
the remainder is adenocarcinoma, which is rising in incidence.
Rarer histological types include : clear cell, lymphomas and sarcomas.