Foundation of Medicine

Foundation of Medicine Dr Monem Alshok Lectures --- Medical Terminology 2012- 2013

Foundation of Medicine Curriculum include :
1- History of Medicine
2- Concepts of Health , Diseases & Health promotion
3- Man & Environment
4- Communication & Interviewing Skills
5- CAM
6- Information Science & Technology
7- Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology :
Definition : - It is the professional language of those who are directly or indirectly engaged in the art of healing .
Terms dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and maintenance of health.

What is the goals of learning medical terms ?
1 – Enable the students to develop their ability to read , understand the language of medicine .
2 – Understanding word elements , abbreviations , spelling medical terms & appreciate the methods found in analyzing medical terms .
3 – Know & understand suffixes and prefixes used in medical practice
4 – Know fundamentals of word building
Referrences :

1 – Medical dictionaries
2 – Understanding Medical Terminoloy 10th ed. By Sir Anges & Sir Rose
3 – An introduction to Medical Terminology For Health care by Andrew R. Hutton 3rd ed.
.4 قاموس ألمورد
5 – Medical Terminology by Jacqueline Joseph Birmingham

Introduction to Medical Terminology:
Objectives:
There are three objectives to keep in mind as you study medical Terminology :
1 . Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
2 . Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
3 . Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems
word Analysis
The first job in learning the language is to understand how to divide words into their component parts. The medical language is logical in that most terms, whether complex or simple, can be broken down into basic parts and then understood .For example:
(HEMATOLOGY) HEMAT-O-LOGY
Suffix Combining Form Element Root or Base
logy ( O ) Hemat
Science Combining form element Blood

In general the objective of medical terminology iclude:

Reviewing body systems and related medical terms
Understanding how medical terms are formed including combining forms, prefixes and suffixes
Learning to define, spell and pronounce medical terms according to the component word parts
Forming a foundation that allows continuing expansion of medicla terminology skills
Medical Terminology Mispronunciations:
Artery - The study of fine paintings.
Barium - What you do when CPR fails.
Benign - What you are after you be eight.
Coma - A punctuation mark.
Morbid - A higher offer.
Urine - opposite of you’re out.
Tablet - A small table.


BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin


Word Elements include :
1 . Root ( Base ): Foundation or core ,All medical words contain one or more. Conveys fundamental meaning, Example: HEPAT/ITIS "HEPAT" (liver) is the word root.means iflammation of the liver .
It is the main part or main body or base of word , it may be complete word , but not necessirly a complete word and medical roots come from Latin & Greek , although many other languages could contribute . Examples :
Tendonitis , Gastritis , Colloid , Mastectomy , Adenoma , Arthritis
Word roots :Is the BASIC MEANING of the term. Usually indicate body part involved. Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body part .Most medical terms have one or more word roots
Cardi = heart
Word root is the foundation of the word; It cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added. Word Parts Word roots in their combining form have a /vowel ,Cardi/o ,Neur/o ,Gastr/o. A combining vowel may be needed to make the medical term easier to pronounce .The letter O is the most commonly used combining vowel.
Examples of Word Roods:
Cardi = Heart , Nephr = Kidney , Gastr = stomach ,
Oste = bone, Haemat = blood , Hepat = Hepar or liver
Word Roots Indicating Color: Cyanosis Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis (condition) .Erythrocytes erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells)
Poliomyelitis Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation) Melano/o – black ( Melanocyte )
Combining Forms:Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o” Usually indicates a body part
Combining Forms Examples:
Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart
gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach
hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver
nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney
oste/ + o = oste/o bone

2 . Suffix ( End ) Medical terms may/may not contain a suffix.Attached to the end of a word root.Alters or modifies the meaning. Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech . Usually derived from Greek or Latin.
Example: HEPAT/ITIS
"-ITIS" (inflammation) is the suffix.
Arthrocentesis: puncture of a joint
Arthr/o= joint -centesis = puncture
throac/o -tomy Thoracotomy
chest incision incision of the chest
gastr/o -megaly Gastromegaly
stomach enlargement enlargement of the
stomach
3 .Prefix ( beginning ) Word element located at the beginning of a word .Changes the meaning of the word . Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation

Attached to the beginning ,Influences the meaning. Not all medical terms contain a prefix
Examples of Prefix:
SUB / HEPAT /IC
"SUB-" (under) is the prefix.
("-IC" is the suffix for pertaining to, subhepatic means pertaining to under the liver.)
Prefix Root Suffix Medical Term
A- mast -ia Amastia
without breast condition
hyper- therm -ia Hyperthermia
excessive heat condition
intra- muscul -ar Intramuscular
in muscle relating to

4 . COMBINING VOWEL : vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root , makes the word easier to pronounce . We can say that COMBINING VOWEL
Usually an “O”
Links two word roots or a word root and a suffix
Eases pronunciation
Not all medical terms contain combining vowels .Has no meaning of its own. A word root which a vowel is attached is called a combining form

Rules for Using Combining Vowels:
1st Rule A combing vowel, if used, is added to the end of the word root.
2nd Rule When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even when vowels are present at the junction oste/o/arthr/itis, Cardi/o/myo/pathy , Cardi/o/Vascular, Hepat/o/renal
3rd Rule : When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel - hepat/ic ,Another example of combing vowel not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. Neur/o + itis = neuritis. Stoma/o/itis, Nephr/o/it is ,Neur (nerve) = itis (inflammation).
4th Rule : A combining vowel is always used when 2 or more word roots are joined. Gastr/o (stomach) + enter/o (small intestine). = Gastroenteritis.
5th Rule: A prefix does not require a combining vowel.
6th Rule : A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel.
Scler/ + osis = sclerosis Hemat/ + emesis = Hematemesis
7th Rule : A combining vowel is used to link a Word Root ( W R ) to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound word:
colon/o + scope = colonscope
osteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritis
Ophthalmoscope, Dermatoplasty, Sternoclavicular, Costochondral
5 . COMBINING FORM ( Root and Vowel ) : combining of the root and the combining vowel. made by adding a vowel to the word base or root The vowel ( o) is most frequently used and other vowels rarely used ( a, I , e and u ) and if the word end with a vowel in most cases another vowel is not added . It is important to know the differences between a vowel that is a combining form element and a vowel that is part of a root word e.g.
Hemi means half , Hem( O ) means blood
Suffix Combining Form Root or Base
Pedic ( O ) Orth
genic ( O ) Bacteri
plegic ( i) Quadr
Tomy ( O ) Gastr





Meaning Terminology Meaning Combining Form
Inflammation of gland Adenitis gland Aden(o)
Study of kidney Nephrology Kidney Nephr(o)
Pertaining to the skin Dermal Skin Derm(o)
RBC Erythrocyte Red Erythr(o)
WBC Leucocyte White Leuc(o)
Joint pain Arthralgia Joint Arthr(o)
Vessel picture Angiography Vessel Angi(o)
Enlargement of extremity Acromegaly Extremity Acr(o)
Fatty tissue Adepose Fat Adep(o)
Bone forming cell Osteoblast bone Oste(o)
One who study eye disease Ophthalmologist eye Ophalm(o)
Producing cancer Oncogenesis cancer Onc(o)
Malignant tumour Carcinoma Malignancy Carcin(o)
Tumour of the nerve Neuroma nerve Neur(o)

BREAKDOWN of Medical Terms :
Medical terms include pertinent word parts, not all the time,Breakdown can sometimes be misleading .Knowing the breakdown will help with the learning process .
Breakdown alone will not always give you the meaning o the term.Useful tool for identifying procedure, anatomical site or condition.
Examples The term Leukemia LEUK/EMIA - literally means blood, condition of white; actual meaning is large increase in the number of cancerous abnormal white blood cells
AUT/O/PSY - literally means process of
viewing self; actual meaning is exam of dead body (with one’s own eyes) to determine cause of death

Analyzing and Defining

Medical terms are usually read “backwards” or suffix first
Examples:
HYPO GASTR IC
Pertaining to below the stomach
NEURO LOGY
Study of Nerves

Suffixes usually indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Comes at END of word.or added to end of word. Cardiomyopathy = disease of heart muscle Pericardium = around the heart;Some suffixes change the word root into an adjective.: Cardiac cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to). Some suffixes change the word root into a noun.Cranium crani (skull) + um (noun ending). Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition -osis means an abnormal condition or disease Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach ; Suffixes Related to Pathology -algia means pain Gastralgia , -dynia means pain, Gastrodynia , -itis means inflammation Gastritis , -malacia means abnormal softening = osteomalacia ; Suffixes Related to Pathology ,Megaly means enlargement +Hepatomegaly ,Necrosis means tissue death ,Arterionecrosis ,Sclerosis means abnormal hardening ,Arteriosclerosis ,Stenosis means abnormal narrowing
Suffixes Related to Procedures , -centesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid Abdominocentisis ,-ectomy – surgical removal Appendectomy ,-graphy –means the process of recording a picture or record Arteriography-gram – means a record or picture , arteriogram
The suffixes which have a Double RR :
The Double RRs ( -rrhage and –rrhagia mean abnormal excessive fluid discharge or bleeding. Hemorrhage, menorrhagia ),(-rrhaphy – to stitch e.g. Herniorrhaphy ) (-rrhea – abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea) ,(-rrhexis – rupture myorrexis )

Set 1 : Suffixes which change a root word to an adjective


Meaning Terminology Meaning Suffix
P t abdominal region celiac Pertaining to - ac
That which is false fallacy Pertaining to - acy
P t fingure or toe Digital Pertaining to - al
P t ovary ovarian Pertaining to - an
P t bile biliary Pertaining to - ary
P t senses sensory Pertaining to - ory
P t vein venous Pertaining to - ous
P . t. head Cephalic Pertaining to - ic
Coma( Loss of consciousness ) comatose Having the quality - ose
Gout like gouty Having the quality - y
feverish febrile Having the quality - ile
amoebalike ameboid like - oid
tiring tiresome Like - some
Causing illness malifacient Causing to become or making - facient
Late appearing tardive That which performs - ive





Set 2 : Suffixes which change the root to NOUN
definition example meaning Suffix
Killer of bacteria Bacteriocide killer - cide
Production of blood cells hematopoiesis Production or formation - poiesis
Result of closing action closure act - ure
One who take x ray radiographer
One who - er

one who receive receptor
One who - or
The shape or resembling bone ossiform Shape - form
Agent that promotes milk flow galactagogue Leading or inducing - agogue

Dilatation of capillaries telangiectasia dilatation - ectesia

Loss of strength Asthenia strength - sthenia
Set 3 : Suffixes which denote state or condition
Definition example meaning Suffixes
Turn a side divert turn - vert
Process of making longer elongation Process of , act of or result of - tion
Nerve pain neuralgia pain - algia
Condition of lack of urine anuria A disease condition - ia
Bad breath Halitosis Condition , action , state - osis
Lack of WBC leukopenia Lack or deficiency - penia
Stagnation of blood Hemostasis State of being at standstill - stasis

Set 4 : Suffixes which indicate a Surgical or Diagnostic procedures
Definition Example Meaning Suffix
Puncture of space around an organ paracentesis Puncture of cavity - centesis
Fixation of joint arthrodesis fusion - desis
Make a cut incision cut - cis
Removal of larynx laryngectomy Cutting out or excision - ectomy
Creating a new opening between bowel and abdominal wall colostomy Creation of mouth or opening - ostomy
( - clasis, - clasia, - gram , - graphy , - lysis , - otomy , - pexy , - plasty , - rrhaphy , - scope, scopy, -sect , -tome )
Set 5 : Suffixes which indicate smallness ( Diminutive suffixes )
Meaning Example Suffix
Small fleshy growth Caruncle -cle
Smallest part of atom Molecule -cule
Small nodule or knot Tuberculum -culum
Small stone calculus -culus
Small plane surface facet -et
Small bronchial tube Bronchium -ium
Minute artery arteriole -ole
Small mesentery mesenteriolum -olum
Smallest subdivision of bronchus bronchiolus -olus





Set 6 : Word endings which indicate Plurals
Example Plural Singular
Lamina , laminae
Scapula , scapulae -ae -a
Lumen , lumina -ina -en
Index , indeces -ices -ex
Paries , parietes -ietes -ies
Psychosis, psychoses -es -is
Epididymis, epididymdes -ides -is
Trauma , traumata -mata -ma
Phalynx , phalynges -nges -nx
Criterion , criteria -a -on
Pons , pontes -tes -s
Cornu, cornua -ua -u
Diverticulum , diverticula -a -um
Viscus , viscera -era -us
Bacillus , bacilli -i -us
Corpus , corpora -ora -us
Calyx, calyces -ces -x
Set 7 : some suffixes indicate chemical compound
Examples: -Ol ( oil) = cholesterol, -ase ( enzyme ) = lipase , -ose ( carbohydrate ) = glucose






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