Bioceramics have found a wide range of applications in medicine, especially in recent years. In this chapter, we shall focus on three broad fields, viz. orthopedics, dentistry, and cancer treatment.
6.1
ORTHOPAEDICS
Within orthopedics, our primary focus will be total hip replacement (THR) surgery. The potential for ceramic material applications in THR will be explored, along with the implications of new technologies in THR surgery. The recent development of robotic surgery is an important example. Other joint replacements will also be reviewed. The most detailed discussions will involve the recent applications of hydroxyapatite. This ceramic mineral which comprises nearly half of natural bone is showing great promise as a coating for THR prostheses and as a primary component in various materials being used to repair
large bone defects.
6.1.1
Total Hip Replacement
The total hip replacement (THR) is a highly successful and widely used example of contemporary orthopaedic surgery (Chapman 1993). More than 200,000 THR surgeries are performed in the United States each year, with a similar number in Europe. The THR was developed in England by the surgeon, Sir John Charnley, who was knighted for this achievement. The essence of Charnley’s invention was to provide adequate fixation for the artificial prosthesis which is used to replace the natural ball-and-socket of the hip joint. Following the surgical removal of the defective ball-and-socket (often defective due to degenerative arthritis), a metallic femoral stem was placed into an opening drilled into the medullary canal of the femur. Stainless steel was the original alloy used for the stem and the attached ball. The artificial cup for the acetabular side of the joint (in the hipbone) was fabricated of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The primary contribution by Charnley was to adapt the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement from dentistry to fix the femoral stem and acetabular cup. Subsequent design development has led to cement less alternatives to the use of PMMA. summarizes the total hip replacement surgery. As with the development of bioceramics, the materials selection for the THR was reasonably
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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