Using wave mechanics, every electron in an atom is characterized by four parameters called quantum numbers.
The size, shape, and spatial orientation of an electron’s probability density are specified by three of these quantum numbers.
1-Pricipal Quantum Number (n) :
? Take on integral values beginning with unity; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
? Sometimes designated by the letters K, L, M, N, O, and so on.
?Represents the energy of the orbital, which is also related to the size of the orbitis or the distance of an electron from the nucleus, or its position.
2- Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) :
?Signifies the subshell, Shape of the orbital .
?Denoted by a lowercase letter—an s, p, d, or f .
?Can has values from 0 to n-1.
?Also called " azimuthal Q N "
3- Magnetic Quantum Number(ml) :
? The number of energy states for each subshell is determined by this number
?Can have integer values from –l to +l : Thus, if n=1, l =0, and ml must equal 0 , If n=2, then l can equal either 0 or 1
If it equals 1, then ml can equal –1, 0 or +1; It can have three values
4 – Spin Quantum Number( ms) :
Associated with each electron is a spin moment, which must be oriented either up or down ; two values are possible (+1/2 and – 1/2) , one for each of the spin orientations.
Notes :
1-The smaller the principal QN , the lower the energy level.
2- Within each shell, the energy of a subshell level increases with the value of the l QN.
3 -There may be overlap in energy of a state in one shell with states in an adjacent shell, which is especially true of d and f states.
4- The first three quantum numbers define an orbital
5- You need all four to define an electron
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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