thermodynamic

Thermodynamics is an impressive branch of physical science which deals with the relationships between all forms of energy such as heat, chemical energy, mechanical or electrical work, and the macroscopic properties of material systems. Because thermodynamics deals with the general laws governing the transformations of macroscopic systems, without taking into account the microscopic mechanisms (at the atomic or molecular levels), the results are widely applicable and are independent of the microscopic explanations. Thermodynamics is relevant to physics, chemistry, and biology as well as to geology, the applied sciences and engineering including, of course, chemical metallurgy.
In thermodynamics, the term “system” means a portion of the physical universe, large or small, enclosed by a real or an imaginary boundary and thus separated from the rest of the universe, which constitutes the “surroundings”. The system can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. There are three types of systems:
(a) closed systems (or nonflow systems);
(b) open systems (or flow systems), and
(c) isolated systems.
A closed system is a system of fixed mass. No mass transfer occurs across the system boundary. However, there can be energy transfer into or out of the system. A certain quantity of fluid in a cylindrical container,
bound by a piston, constitutes a closed system. An open system is one in which matter (or mass) can cross the boundary of the system. In addition, there can also be energy transfer. In an isolated system is there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary. Two types of open systems exist: (1) steady-state, and (2) unsteady state.
If the properties of any part of the system are constant, regardless of the duration of anoperation or a rocess, the so-called open system is the steady-state flow system. When the properties of any part of a system undergo fluctuation and variation, the open system is then termed as an unsteady state flow system.
Thermodynamics is an impressive branch of physical science which deals with the relationships between all forms of energy such as heat, chemical energy, mechanical or electrical work, and the macroscopic properties of material systems. Because thermodynamics deals with the general laws governing the transformations of macroscopic systems, without taking into account the microscopic mechanisms (at the atomic or molecular levels), the results are widely applicable and are independent of the microscopic explanations. Thermodynamics is relevant to physics, chemistry, and biology as well as to geology, the applied sciences and engineering including, of course, chemical metallurgy.
In thermodynamics, the term “system” means a portion of the physical universe, large or small, enclosed by a real or an imaginary boundary and thus separated from the rest of the universe, which constitutes the “surroundings”. The system can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. There are three types of systems:
(a) closed systems (or nonflow systems);
(b) open systems (or flow systems), and
(c) isolated systems.
A closed system is a system of fixed mass. No mass transfer occurs across the system boundary. However, there can be energy transfer into or out of the system. A certain quantity of fluid in a cylindrical container,
bound by a piston, constitutes a closed system. An open system is one in which matter (or mass) can cross the boundary of the system. In addition, there can also be energy transfer. In an isolated system is there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary. Two types of open systems exist: (1) steady-state, and (2) unsteady state.
If the properties of any part of the system are constant, regardless of the duration of anoperation or a rocess, the so-called open system is the steady-state flow system. When the properties of any part of a system undergo fluctuation and variation, the open system is then termed as an unsteady state flow system.
Thermodynamics is an impressive branch of physical science which deals with the relationships between all forms of energy such as heat, chemical energy, mechanical or electrical work, and the macroscopic properties of material systems. Because thermodynamics deals with the general laws governing the transformations of macroscopic systems, without taking into account the microscopic mechanisms (at the atomic or molecular levels), the results are widely applicable and are independent of the microscopic explanations. Thermodynamics is relevant to physics, chemistry, and biology as well as to geology, the applied sciences and engineering including, of course, chemical metallurgy.
In thermodynamics, the term “system” means a portion of the physical universe, large or small, enclosed by a real or an imaginary boundary and thus separated from the rest of the universe, which constitutes the “surroundings”. The system can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. There are three types of systems:
(a) closed systems (or nonflow systems);
(b) open systems (or flow systems), and
(c) isolated systems.
A closed system is a system of fixed mass. No mass transfer occurs across the system boundary. However, there can be energy transfer into or out of the system. A certain quantity of fluid in a cylindrical container,
bound by a piston, constitutes a closed system. An open system is one in which matter (or mass) can cross the boundary of the system. In addition, there can also be energy transfer. In an isolated system is there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary. Two types of open systems exist: (1) steady-state, and (2) unsteady state.
If the properties of any part of the system are constant, regardless of the duration of anoperation or a rocess, the so-called open system is the steady-state flow system. When the properties of any part of a system undergo fluctuation and variation, the open system is then termed as an unsteady state flow system.Thermodynamics is an impressive branch of physical science which deals with the relationships between all forms of energy such as heat, chemical energy, mechanical or electrical work, and the macroscopic properties of material systems. Because thermodynamics deals with the general laws governing the transformations of macroscopic systems, without taking into account the microscopic mechanisms (at the atomic or molecular levels), the results are widely applicable and are independent of the microscopic explanations. Thermodynamics is relevant to physics, chemistry, and biology as well as to geology, the applied sciences and engineering including, of course, chemical metallurgy.
In thermodynamics, the term “system” means a portion of the physical universe, large or small, enclosed by a real or an imaginary boundary and thus separated from the rest of the universe, which constitutes the “surroundings”. The system can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. There are three types of systems:
(a) closed systems (or nonflow systems);
(b) open systems (or flow systems), and
(c) isolated systems.
A closed system is a system of fixed mass. No mass transfer occurs across the system boundary. However, there can be energy transfer into or out of the system. A certain quantity of fluid in a cylindrical container,
bound by a piston, constitutes a closed system. An open system is one in which matter (or mass) can cross the boundary of the system. In addition, there can also be energy transfer. In an isolated system is there is no interaction between the system and the surroundings.
It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass or energy transfer across the
system boundary. Two types of open systems exist: (1) steady-state, and (2) unsteady state.
If the properties of any part of the system are constant, regardless of the duration of anoperation or a rocess, the so-called open system is the steady-state flow system. When the properties of any part of a system undergo fluctuation and variation, the open system is then termed as an unsteady state flow system.