Cardiac Disorders

Endocarditis
Description: Endocarditis is infection of endocardium or heat valves resulting from invasion of bacteria or other organisms. It may be acute, sub- acute ,or chronic
Etiology
1. Causative organisms
* Bacteria (eg, Streptococcus viriclans, Staphylococcus aureu
* Fungi (eg, Candida albicans, Aspergillus)
* Rickettsiae
Predisposing factors
History of valvular heart disease
Prosthetic valve replacement surgery
Debilitation
Indwelling, catheter placement
Prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy
Intravenous drug abuse
Dental surgery
Path physiology: Ineffective organisms travel through the bloodstream and are deposited on heart valves or other portions of the endocardium.This triggers fibrin and platelet aggregation, which engulfs the organisms, forming friable verrucous vegetations.
The vegetations typically form on valves but also may extend to, endocardium.Vegetations covering the valve surface can lead to ulceration and necrosis with subsequent deformity and dysfunction of the valve leaflets.
Clinical manifestations
1.Weakness and fatigue
2.Weight loss and anorexia
3.Fever, with chills and diaphoresis
4.Cough
5 .Arthralg
6.Splenomegaly
7.Petechiae of the anterior trunk , and mucosa
8. New heart murmur or a change in an existing murmur, especially in the presence of fever
9- Splinter hemorrhage of nail pad
10.Skin changes such as Roth spots, osler nodes or Janeway lesions