اول اجتماع

1. Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior.
2. It is the science that uses empirical methods to develop knowledge about social order, social disorder, and social change.
3. Society is a social organism that possesses a harmony of structure and function.
4. Theory is a series of propositions about the possible nature of an object or phenomenon.
5. Sociological theory comes out of attempts to explain and link specific aspects of the social world.
6. Reading sociological theory provides us with a different and sometimes surprising context. Thus, it gives us new perspectives of familiar ideas.
7. Culture is the whole sociological agreements that members of a particular society have.
8. A symbol is a particular meaning attributed to something that is recognized by people who share culture.
9. Beliefs are ideas about what is thought to be real by people who share culture.
10. Language represents a system of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another.
11. Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
12. Values are statements from the standpoint of culture, of what ought to be.
13. Norms represent rules by which a society guides its members.
14. Doing ‘wrong’ according to norms may cause shame and guilt as well as negative judgment of oneself.
15. There are three basic norms: folkways, morals, and law.
16. Subculture is a cultural patterns that distinguishes some parts of a society’s population, like musicians, students, professors, etc.
17. Multiculturalism is an educational program that recognizes the cultural differences of the world and promotes the equality of all cultural traditions.
18. Counterculture is a cultural patters that opposes patterns widely accepted within a society.
19. Cultural change is achieved through invention, discovery, and diffusion. For example, invention of the car, discovery of some new food, and the spread of an idea from one society to another.
20. Diffusion is the borrowing of cultural elements from other societies instead of inventing them within the host society.
21. Cultural similarity refers to the shared cultural traits such as sports, cooking, education, family, jokes, music, and so on.
22. Cultural diversity refers to cultural variations that exist among cultures and within culture.
23. Acculturation is borrowing cultural traits and social patterns of another group.
24. Accommodation is a process of mutual adaptation among individuals or groups usually achieved by reducing hostility.