Negation

نفي الجلة الانكليزية
اعداد
م.م. كاظم محمد موسى الشمري
يأخذ نفي الجملة في اللغة الانكليزية اربع صور وهي كالآتي:
1. اذا احتوت الجملة على احد الافعال المساعدة الآتية فنضع (not) بعده لتصبح الجملة منفية.
الافعال المساعدة هي: (is, are, am, was, were, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought), وكذلك (has, have, had) اذا جاء بعدها التصريف الثالث للفعل (p.p):

Maha is at home? Maha is not at home.
Ali has got a car? Ali has not got a car.
ملاحظة: تستخدم المختصرات الآتية عند التكلم للسهولة:
Isn’t Is not
Aren t Are not
Wasn’t Was not
Weren’t Were not
Hasn’t Has not
Haven’t Have not
Hadn’t Had not
Mayn t May not
Mightn’t Might not
Mustn’t Must not
Oughtn’t Ought not
Shan t Shall not
Won t Will not
Shouldn’t Should not
Wouldn’t Would not
Can t Cannot (تكتب ككلمة واحدة)
Couldn’t Could not
2. اذا كانت الجملة خالية من الفعل المساعد (في الفقرة الاولى) وكان الفعل مضارعا بأحد الفواعل الآتية فنضع (do not) قبل الفعل المضارع:
أ‌. اذا كان الفاعل (I)
ب‌. اذا كان الفاعل جمع (they, we, you, ,فاعل صريح جمع)
I have lunch at school. ? I don’t have lunch at school.
We live in Iraq. ? We don’t live in Iraq.
3. اذا كان الفعل ينتهي بــ (s) الشخص الثالث, فنضع قبله ((does not مع حذف (s) الشخص الثالث من الفعل عند النفي أي يرجع لصيغته المجردة.
Huda speaks English well. ? Huda doesn’t speak English well.
He has sugar with tea. ? He doesn’t have sugar with tea.
ملاحظة: الصيغة المجردة لــ has و had هي الفعل (have).
4. اذا كان الفعل ماضيا نضع قبله (did not) ونحول الفعل الماضي الى المضارع المجرد:
V1
Base Form V2
Past Simple V3
Past Participle
buy bought bought
come came come
do did done
find found found
get got gotten
go went gone
have had had
like liked liked
Listen listened listened
live lived lived
love loved loved
make made made
phone phoned phoned
play played played
say said said
see saw seen
start started started
stay stayed stayed
take took taken
visit visited visited
want wanted wanted
watch watched watched
work worked worked
I watched television last night. ? I didn’t watch television last night.
He wrote me a letter. ? He didn’t write me a letter.
I had a letter from him ? I didn’t have a letter from him.
ملاحظة: عند وجود (some) نحولها الى (any):
We need some sugar.? We don’t need any sugar.
ملاحظة: عند وجود (a lot of او plenty of ) نحولها عند النفي الى (many) اذا تبعت بإسم معدود ونحولها الى (much) اذا تبعت بإسم غير معدود.
I have got a lot of stamps. ? I haven’t got many stamps.
There is plenty of milk in the bottle. ? There isn’t much milk in the bottle.