Essay Writing
The Basics
What Does a Good Essay Need?
1. An academic essay aims to persuade readers of an idea based on evidence.
2. An academic essay should answer a question or task.
3. It should have an argument.
4. It should try to present or discuss something: develop a thesis or a set of closely related points - by reasoning and
evidence.
5. An academic essay should include relevant examples, supporting evidence and information from academic texts or
credible sources.
1. Starting Your Essay
Although there are some basic steps to writing an assignment, essay writing is not a linear process.
You might work through the different stages a number of times in the course of writing an essay.
For example, you may go back to the reading and notetaking stage if you find another useful text, or perhaps to reread
to locate specific information.
Start work early
You can t write a successful essay unless you give yourself enough time
to read, research, think and write. Don t procrastinate or leave it until the
last minute; start as early as possible.
Define the question and analyse the task
Writing down everything you know about a topic is not enough to make
a good academic essay. Analysing, then answering the essay s question
or task is central.
• Be sure that you understand exactly what the question requires you
to do.
• Identify the key words (like discuss or analyse) and clarify the approach
you are required to take.
2. Researching Your Topic
Basic Steps in Writing an Essay
In no strict order . . .
Analyse the question and define key
terms?
Establish your argument/point of view?
Research the topic. Use books,
journals and other credible academic
sources for support and evidence?
Take notes from your readings?
Write your plan and organise your
ideas ?
Write your first draft to include your
introduction, body and conclusion ?
Setthedraftasideforadayortwo,then
read it through and make changes ?
Edit and redraft your essay?
One of the first steps in essay writing is researching. You ? Have a friend/parent/colleague read it must research your essay by reading and finding relevant information.
Reading on the topic enables you to develop a thesis and answer the essay question.
Where to Start?
Complete or check your references
and bibliography ?
Final draft completed - hand it in?
Your starting point for your essay is your initial response to the essay topic or question. Your response is based on what
you already know. But this is only the starting point. You then need to research, question your response, and find some
evidence to help form your answers.
Reading for Your Essay
Begin reading for the essay as early as possible. This will give you
plenty of time to familiarise yourself with the topic and develop
your ideas. When you begin to look at your readings more closely,
remember to read with a purpose. Ask yourself:
1. What do I already know about the topic? Start with what you
know. If a topic is unfamiliar, do some introductory reading.
Look at your lecture notes and course readings for help.
2. What do I need to read to be able to answer the essay
question?
3. Is this material useful to my topic/argument?
4. Can I use this material to support my answer?
Taking Notes From Your Readings
When you read in-depth and find information relevant to your
essay, note it down. Your notes will be the basis of your essay.
Don t take notes during your first reading. If you are using
photocopies, underline or highlight relevant information. You can
return to it when you reread and take notes.
Reading Lists
If you are given a list of suggested readings,
consult as many as possible. Otherwise, locate
relevant material in the library. Use the catalogue
to perform topic and subject searches. Once
you have your readings:
1. use the table of contents and the index to
find relevant material
2. skim through the text to locate specific
information
3. when you find something you need to read closely, flag the pages with a post-it note so
you can return for a close reading
4. photocopy useful sections of texts so you can underline and make notes.
Always make notes with the question clearly in mind. You must use evidence to support your argument, so look carefully
for relevant information. This can include summaries or direct quotes from texts, useful examples, case studies or
statistics.
Make a note of any sources of information you use. Copy down all the bibliographic details of what you read. Include
author, date, title, publisher and place of publication. For journal articles, include volume and issue numbers. This will
help with your referencing.
3. Organising Your Ideas
Now begin organising your thoughts into an answer.
Your notes should help you to do this.
Thinking it Through
Essay writing requires both creative and critical thinking.
• Creative thinking encourages you to broaden your ideas. Try
techniques like brainstorming or mindmapping.
• Critical thinking encourages you to narrow the focus or scope
of your ideas (for example, asking why an example is important
to your argument).
Your essay should include both points in favour of and against
your argument. You need to evaluate these points - that is, explain
why one argument is more important than the other.
4. Writing the Essay
Drafting
Writing a draft essay will help you work out:
• what you need to say
• how you will answer the question
Essay Plans
An essay plan can help you work out how you
will answer a question and which information you
will use. Essay plans also help with structuring
an essay. After you have done some reading,
draw up an initial essay plan:
• Decide on a possible answer to the question
(in terms of the research you have done)
• Decide on the information you will use to
answer the question
• Look through your notes and choose
examples to provide evidence to support
your answer
• Decide which points you will discuss, and in
which order (first, second, etc.)
• Write all this down in point form and this will
be your essay plan
Your essay will probably change as you draft
and edit. Write a second essay plan after you
write a draft.
• which evidence and examples you will use
• whether you have enough information
Write a first draft to try out the structure and framework of your
essay. Once you have a draft, you can work on writing well.
Structure
Structure your essay in the most effective way to communicate
your ideas and answer the question. All essays should include the
following structure:
1. Introduction
Answer the question and provide a summary or road map of your
essay. Tell the reader what you are going to talk about and what
you believe the answer to be. Keep it brief, but mention all your
main ideas.
2. Body
The body of your essay is where you answer the question by
developing a discussion. Here, you show your knowledge and
grasp of material you have read. Offer exposition and evidence.
Use relevant examples and authoritative quotes to support your
argument. If your question has more than one part, structure the
body into sections that deal with each part of the question.
3. Conclusion
The conclusion rounds off the essay. Relate it back to your main
ideas or points and reiterate your answer to the question. NEVER
introduce new information in your conclusion. The conclusion
moves from specific to general.
Essay Paragraphs
Each paragraph in the body of the essay should contain:
Tips for Effective Writing
Start writing early - the earlier the better
Starting cuts down on anxiety,
beats
procrastination, and gives you time to develop
your ideas.
Don t try to write an essay from start to finish
Begin with what you are ready to write - a
plan, a sentence. Start with the body and work
paragraph by paragraph.
Write the introduction and conclusion after the
body
Once you know what your essay is about, then
write the introduction and conclusion.
Keep the essay s overall purpose in mind
Don t lose track of the question or task. Keep it
in mind as you draft and edit and work out your
argument.
Revise your first draft extensively
Look at the whole essay, make sure it flows and that the paragraphs are in a logical order.
This allows you to consider your essay with a
fresh eye.
Proof-read your final draft carefully. Check
spelling and punctuation.
1. a topic sentence (or main idea sentence) that states your point;
2. an explanation of the point you re making;
3. evidence. Most of the time, your point should be supported by some form of evidence from your reading, or by an
example drawn from the subject area.
Don t just leave the evidence hanging there- analyse it. Comment on the implication/significance/impact and finish off
the paragraph with a critical conclusion you have drawn from the evidence.
5. Referencing Your Essay
All academic essays MUST contain references. Referencing guards against plagiarism, a serious
academic offence.
Plagiarism is copying someone else s words or ideas and presenting them as your own. Make sure you are familiar with
the referencing style your faculty or school requires. Most Schools/Faculties have guides specifying the system they
prefer. Often Schools/Faculties don t mind which system you use as long as it is consistent. If this is the case, use the
system you are most comfortable with.
Reference Lists
Remember to list all the books and articles you use for the essay in a Reference List. This is a list of all works cited in
your essay, and should be the final page.
6. Editing Your Essay
Most essays are dramatically improved by careful
editing. Good essays are the product of writing and
rewriting. If you have time, put your essay aside for a
few days before you begin to edit. This gives you time
Questions to ask yourself
‰ Have I answered the question as fully as
possible?
‰ Is my essay clearly structured?
to gain a perspective on what you have written and to ‰ Does my argument make sense? Is it well
think further about your answer and arguments.
Don t despair when you find faults in your essay-this is part of the editing process. If you find that you need more information, or your argument has holes in it,
keep calm and concentrate on fixing any problems.
Once you have a well-organised and fairly complete draft:
• Revise sentences. Make sure the words you use mean what
you think they mean. A good dictionary is a useful tool.
• Check transition signals. Be sure that a reader can follow the
sequences of ideas from sentence to sentence, and from
paragraph to paragraph.
• Check punctuation and spelling.
7. Handing Your Essay In
balanced and researched?
‰ Are my paragraphs and arguments clearly
connected and coherent?
‰ Are my examples and quotes relevant to and
supportive of my answer?
‰ Have I used a consistent referencing
style? Have I referenced all my quotes and
paraphrases?
‰ Have I remained within the set word limit?
READ the assignment guidelines in your course outlines and find out how your lecturer/tutor would
like assignments presented. Make sure you have complied with their requirements and that you
know when and where your essay should be handed in.
In General:
‰ Make sure you know when, where or to whom your assignment should be handed in. Most schools have a box for
students to submit their essays.
‰ Don t hand in your essay in a plastic folder or sleeve (unless you are asked to do so).
‰ Use double-line spacing and a readable font (size 12 at least)
‰ Essays should be legible so make sure your essay is easy to read. If possible, type your essay. If not, write neatly on
every second line.
‰ Use a cover sheet (available from your school office).
‰ Number pages and use wide margins.
‰ Print on one side of the page only.
‰ Make sure you have an extra copy.
The following references could be of value to the student:
References
1.Cuba, I 1998, A Short Guide to Writing About Social Science, Harper Collins.
2.Oshima, A & Hogue, A 1991, Writing Academic English, Addison-Wesley.
3.University of Toronto Writing Centre, Some General Advice on Academic Essay Writing, University of Toronto, accessed
1999, <http://utl1.library.utoronto.ca/www/writing/essay.html>.