Fricatives and Affricates
-Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that, when they are produced, air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound. Fricatives are continuant consonants, which means that we can continue making them without interruption as long as there is enough air in our lungs.
-Fricatives are basically of two types: fortis ( voiceless) like ‘f’ and ‘s’, or lenis (voiced) like ‘ v ‘ and ‘ z’. However, fortis fricatives are articulated with greater force than the lenis, and their friction noise is louder. The lenis fricatives have very little or no voicing in initial and final positions but they may be voiced when they occur between voiced sounds. The fortis fricatives have the effect of shortening a preceding vowel. Thus in a pair of words like ‘ ice’ and ‘ eyes’ the diphthong in the first word is considerably shorter than in the second.
-As for /h/ as a fricative, it is a glottal which can be found in initial and meial positions as in ‘ head’ and ‘ ahead’. It doesn’t occur in final positions. Usually, it is pronounced only when it is followed by a vowel. However, / h/ is phonetically a vowel but phonologically , it is a consonant.
-Affricates are rather complex consonants. They begin as plosives and end as fricatives. There are only two affricates in English /d3/ as in ‘just’ and /tS/ as in
‘church’. However, for a combination of a plosive and a fricative to be an affricate, the two sounds should be ‘ homorganic’, i.e. they should pronounced by the same articulators. Thus, ‘ kf’ in ‘ breakfast’ do not make an affricate because they are not homorganic.
Nasals
The basic characteristic of a nasal consonant is that the air escapes through the nose. For this to happen, the soft palate must be lowered so as to force the air pass through the nasal rather than the oral tract. To produce the nasals there three types of closure of air passage: bilabial to produce the nasal/ m/, alveolar to produce the nasal / n/, and velar to produce the nasal / J/ , e.g. mouth, north
Song. The first two nasals can occur in all positions, i.e. initial, medial, and final, while the third nasal can be found only in medial and final positions. It does not occur in initial position. Besides, when it is formed by a combination of ‘ ng’ it can be followed by / g/ as in ‘ longer’ but it isn’t followed by /g/ when it occurs in final position as in ‘long’.It can also be found as a result of the combination of /nk/ as in ‘think’.
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
|