The Elements of Grammar

It is impossible to write English accurately without yielding to grammar. Grammar is a science through which it is possible to write and speak English .For this reason ,Grammar is taught in the English Department’s courses .the text book entitled “A university Grammar of English “ in(1973 ) by Randoph Quirk ,and Svartvik .In addition ,there are other secondary sources which are helpful for the student to enlarge and widen their knowledge.These are :” A Comprehensive Grammar of English” in (1985) by Randoph Quirk,Sidny Greenbaum,Geophery Leech,and Svartvik; “A Communicative English Grammar” in (1992) by Leech ;”A student’s Cambridge Grammar” in(2007) by Huddleston and Pullum; and some additional net sources.
The first chapter is about the elements of grammar .The second entitled as “The Verb and its Complementation” ,the third is about “The noun phrase” .The last is about the adjectives and the adverbs.
The first chapter ,which is the second in the book ,is about the basic elements each sentence in the English language .It is considered as an introductory chapter for the rest of the topics found in other chapters.The basic elements are :the subject, the object(direct or indirect) , the subject complement ,the object complement ,and the adverb .As in
-He is the manager.(subject)
-She made a cake. (A direct object)
-They gave him a book. (Indirect object)
-I became happy. (Subject complement)
-We elected her the chief manager. (Object complement)
-Yesterday, I offered them the envelops in the class. (adverbs)
What is more ,these elements enjoy the ability to be in different realizations .The subject ,for instance ,can be a noun , a noun phrase,a pronoun ,a whole clause ,whether it is a that clause, a wh-clause ,or even a non-finite clause as an –ing clause, ed-clause ,to-inf. ,or a bare inf. The direct object has the same realizations .The subject complement and the object complement have the same realizations except being that clause.
Another important topic is the division of the sentence. Traditionally, grammarians divided the sentence into a subject (any first element)and a predicat .However ,this division is arbitrary since the size of the subject is changeable as well as not always being the first element in the sentence just as the case with the interrogative sentences. Another division is found in the predicat itself, i.e. to contain auxiliary as operator and predication.
The auxiliary as operator ,on the other hand ,has some characteristics. So, not any auxiliary is an operator but any operator is an auxiliary. Regarding the other elements ,there is the term “pro-form” which is used to refer to the displacement process through which a form is used instead of another in order to avoid repetition ,to seek economy, and to write and speak in a good style.There are different kinds of pro-forms ,one of them is the pronoun which used instead of the noun.
Assertion and non-assertion is introduced through the relating the statement ,interrogative and negative sentences .All of them deal with information .However, their treatment is different .The declarative statement ,for instance, provides information whereas negative statements rejects it .The interrogative falls within two major kind :the
Yes/no questions ,which seeks the validity of the information ,and the wh-questions which suffer a lack of part of the information which is fulfilled in the answer .As a result, the assertive forms are used with the declarative statements ,whereas the non-assertive forms are used with negative statements ae well as with interrogatives regardless of kind or being affirmative or negative.