INDEFINITE and DEFINITE
Through its ability to involve a span of time from earliest memory to the present , the perfective has an indefinitness which makes it an appropriate verbal expression for introducing a topic of discourse.As the topic is narrowed down , the emerging definiteness is marked by the simple past as well as in the noun phrases ,for example
He says that he has seen a meteor at some time(between earliest memory and the present)
as compered with
He says that he saw the meteor last night that everyone is so excited about
compare also
Did you know that John has painted a portrait of Mary?
Did you know that John painted a portrait of Mary?
PAST PWERFECT
What was said of the perfect applies to the past perfect,with the complication that the point of current relevance to which the past perfect extends to a point in the past,as
John had lived in London for ten years
In some contexts,the simple past and the past perfect are interchangable;eg
I ate my lunch at\fter my wife came\had come home from her shopping
Here the conjunction after is sufficiant specification to indicate that the arrival from the shopping expedition has taken place before the eating,so that the extra time indication by means of the past perfect becomes redundant
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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