Stage 5 (12 to 18 months ) . Tertiary Circular Reactions :-
At stage 5 children experiment with different actions to observe the different out comes . For example one day Laurent became interested in a new table . He hit it with his fist several times some times harder , some times more gently , in order to hear the different sounds that his actions produced .
It is worth pausing to note that the infants were learning entirely on their own , without any adult teaching . They were developing their schemes solely out of curiosity about the world .
Stage 6 ( 18 months to 2 years ) . The Beginnings of thought .
At stage 6 children seem to think out situations more internally , before they act . The example of stage 6 behaviour involves lucienne and a matchbox . Piaget placed a chain in the box , which lucienne immediately tried to recover . She possessed two schemes for getting the chain : turning the box over and sticking her finger in the box s slit . How ever , neither scheme worked . She then did something very curious . She stopped her actions and looked at the slit with great attention . Then , several times in succession , she opened and shut her mouth , wider and wider . After this , she opened the box and obtained the chain .
Children s progress at stage 6 can also be seen in their efforts at imitation . Piaget observed that for some time children cannot imitate new models at all ; they can only reproduce actions that already exist in their behavioral repertoires .
Periods ? and ? .Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 ) and Concrete Operations (7 to 11)
By the end of the sensory – motor period , the child has developed efficient and well – organized actions for dealing with the immediate environment . The child continues to use sensory – motor skill through out life , but the next period that of preoperational thought is marked by a major change . The child s mind rapidly advances to a new plane , that of symbols ( including images and words ) . As a result , the child must organize his or her thinking all over again . This cannot be done at once . For some time , during the entire preoperational period , the child s thinking is basically unsystematic and illogical . It is not until the age of 7 or so , the beginning of conorete operations , that thinking becomes organized on a mental plane .
Period ? . Formal Operations (11 to Adulthood ) :-
During formal operations , thinking soars into the realm of the purely abstract and hypothetical . The capacity for abstract reasoning can be seen in responses to questions such as the following : If Joe is shorter that Bob , and Joe is taller than Alex , who is the tallest ? At the level of concrete operations , children can handle this problem only if they actually place people in order and compare their heights ; beyond this , they simply guess . At the level of formal operations , however , adolescents can order their thoughts in their minds alone .
When adolescents think a bout the various possibilities inherent in a situation before hand and then systematically test them , they are working like true scientists . For example , a teenage girl might decide to test the effects of a new soil for plants . At the level of formal operations , she does not just put new soil into one plant and old soil into the other and watch them grow ; she considers other possibilities . Perhaps these two plants would have grown to different heights anyway , because of individual differences , so she obtains several plants and examines the average effects of the different soils .
Finally , adolescents enter a broader world yet – the world of possibilities and egocentrism reappears . This time egocentrism is seen when adolescents attribute unlimited power to their own thought . They dream of " a glorious future or of transforming the world through ideals " without attempting to test out their thoughts in reality . The final decentering comes about , in Piaget s view , when adolescents actually take up adult notes . They then learn the limits and resistances to their own thoughts . They learn that a theoretical construction or a utopian vision has value only in relation to how it work in reality .
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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