Chapter Five
Piaget s Developmental Periods
Period I :Sensori – Motor Intelligence (( Birth to 2 Years ))
This period consists of six stages :-
Stage 1 (birth to I month ) The Use of Reflexes
When Piaget talked about the infant s action – structures , he used the term scheme or schema . A scheme can be any action pattern for dealing with the environment , such as looking , grasping , hitting , or kicking . Although infants construct their schemes and later structures through their own activities , their first schemes consist primarily of inborn reflexes . The most prominent reflex is the sucking reflex ; babies automatically suck whenever their lips are touched .
When babies are hungry , they do not wait for the mother to put the nipple into their mouth . children many also suck clothes , pillows , blankets , their own fingers – on anything they chanced upon .
Stage 2 ( 1 to 4 months ) . Primary Circular Reactions :-
A circular reaction occurs when the baby chances upon a new experience and tries to repeat it . A prime example is thumb sucking . By chance , the hand comes into contact with the mouth , and when the hand falls, the baby tries to bring it back . For some time , babies cannot do this . They hit the face with the hand but cannot catch it or they fling their arms wildly , or they chase the hand with the month but can not catch it because the whole body , including the arms and hands , moves as a unit in the same direction . In Piaget s language , they are unable to scheme . After repeated failures , they organize sucking and hand movements and master the art of thumb – sucking .
As with thumb – sucking , most of the primary circular reactions involve the organization of two previously separate body schemes or movements . For example , when we see a baby girl repeatedly bring her hand next to her face and look at it , she is exercising a primary circular reaction . She is coordinating looking with hand movements .
These circular reactions provide a good illustration of what Piaget means by intellectual development as a " construction process " . The baby actively " puts together " different movements and schemes . It is important to emphasize the amount of work involved ; the baby manages to coordinate separate movements only after repeated failures .
Stage 3 ( 4 to 10 months ) . Secondary Circular Reactions ;-
The developments of the second stage are called secondary circular reactions because they involve the coordination of parts of the baby s own body . Secondary circular reactions occur when the baby discovers and produces an interesting event outside himself or herself .For example , one day when Piaget s daughter Lucienne was lying in her bassinet , she made a movement with her legs which stirred the dolls hanging overhead . She stared at the dolls a moment and then moved her legs again , watching the dolls move again . In the next few days , she repeated this scene many times , kicking her legs and watching the dolls shake , and she often would laugh at the sight of the moving dolls .
Piaget some times referred to secondary circular reactions as " making interesting sights last " . He speculated that infants smile and laugh at the recognition of moderately novel event . At the same time it seems that they are enjoying their own power , their ability to make an event happen again and again .
Stage 4 (10 to 12 months ) . The coordination of Secondary Schemes :-
In stage 4 the infant s action become more differentiated ; he or she learns to coordinate two separate schemes to get a result . This new accomplishment is most apparent when infants deal with obstacles . For example , one day Laurent wanted to grab a matchbox , but Piaget put his hand in the way . At first , Laurent tried to ignore the hand ; he tired to pass over it or around it , but he did not attempt to displace it . When Piaget kept his hand in the way , Laurent resorted to " storming the box while waving his hand , shaking himself , and wagging his head from side to side , various gestures . Finally , several days later , Laurent succeeded in removing the obstacle by striking the hand out of the way before he grabbed the box . Thus , Laurent coordinated two separate schemes – striking and grabbing – to obtain the goal . One scheme , striking , became a means to an end grabbing the box .
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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