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SYNTAGMATIC AND ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONS
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1. Definitions
In a language-state everything is based on relations. How do they function?
Relations and differences between linguistic terms fall into two distinct
groups, each of which generates a certain class of values. The opposition
between the two classes gives a better understanding of the nature of each
class. They correspond to two forms of our mental activity, both indispensable
to the life of language.
In discourse, on the one hand, words acquire relations based on the linear
nature of language because they are chained together. This rules out the
possibility of pronouncing two elements simultaneously (see p.
70). The elements are arranged in sequence on the chain of speaking.
Combinations supported by linearity are syntagms b The syntagm is always
composed of two or more consecutive units (e. g. French re-lire [reread],
contre tous [against everyone], la vie humaine [human life], Dieu est bon [God
is good], s il fait beau temps, nous sortirons [if the weather is nice, we ll
go out] etc.). In the syntagm a term acquires its value only because it stands
in opposition to everything that precedes or follows it, or to both. Outside
discourse, on the other hand, words acquire relations of a different kind.
Those that have something in common are associated in the memory, resulting in
groups marked by diverse relations. For instance, the French word enseignement
[teaching] will unconsciously call to mind a host of other words (enseigner
[teach], renseigner [acquaint] etc.; or armement [armament], changement
[amendment] etc.; or education [education] apprentissage [apprenticeship]
etc.). All those words are related in some way.
We see that the co-ordinations formed outside discourse differ strikingly from
those formed inside discourse. Those formed outside discourse are not supported
by linearity. Their seat is in the brain; they are a part of the inner
storehouse that makes up the language of each speaker. They are associative
relations.
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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