Chapter Four
Reward and Punishment
The Best Rewards and Punishments
We should pay close attention to how we reinforce our children s behaviour . We should reward only reasonable behaviour .
Not all rewards and punishment produce desirable effects . Locke was especially opposed to the use of physical punishment . In the first place , its use establishes undesirable associations . If a child is beaten for letting his mind wander during reading lesson , he will not only associate pain with mind wandering , but with the sight of books as well . Further , physical punishment is often ineffective . The child submits while the rod is in sight , but just as soon as the child sees that no one is looking , the child dose whatever he wants .
Not all kinds of rewards are desirable . Locke opposed the use of money or sweets as rewards because their use undermines the main goal of education : to curb desires and to submit to reason . when we reward with food or money , we only encourage children to find happiness in these things .
The best reward is praise , and the best punishment is disapproval . When children do well we should compliment them , making them feel proud ; when they do poorly we should give them a cold glance , making them feel ashamed . Children are very sensitive to approval and disapproval , especially from their parents and on whom they depend . So we can use these reactions to instill rational and virtuous behaviour .
Rules
Most parent set down all kinds of rules and then punish their children when they disobey them. This practice is basically useless. Children have great difficulty comprehending and remembering rules , and they naturally resent getting punish for failing to comply with rule that they could barely keep in mind . An alternative to command , Locke suggested two procedures :-
First , since children learn from example than precept , we can teach them much by exposing them to good models . Children will eagerly model their behaviour after that of a virtuous person , especially when we compliment then for doing so .
Second , Locke suggested that , instead of issuing command , we have children practice the desired behaviour . For example , instead of instructing children to bow whenever they meet a lady , it is better to give them actual practice in bowing , complimenting them each time they bow as naturally as they breathe , without any thought or reflection .
Reward المكافئة
Punishment العقاب
Reinforce يعزّز
Reasonable معقول
Desirable مرغوب
Opposed معارض
Physical punishment العقوبة الجسدية
Establishes يؤسس
Undesirable association ارتباطاً غير مرغوب فيه
Mind wander سارح في الخيال
Submits يخضع
The rod is in sight يكون مُراقباً
Sweets الحلويات
Undermines تُخَرِّب
Main goal الهدف الأساسي
Curb يكبح
Reason المنطق
Encourage نشجع
Praise المديح
Disapproval التوبيخ
Compliment مديح
Feel proud يفخر
Cold glance نظرة قاسية
Ashamed يشعر بالخزي
Sensitive حساس
Approval استحسان
Rational عقلاني
Virtuous behaviour تصوف مستقيم
Rules قوانين
Disobey لا يطيعون
Comprehending استيعاب
Resent يستاءون من
Failing to comply لا يطيعون
Alternative بديل
Command الأمر
Precept قرض
Exposing جعلهم يشاهدون
Instructing توجيه
Bow ينحنون
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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