|
Chapter Two
The Nature of Learning Theories
1- Maturation versus Learning:-
Growth is learning s chief competitor as a modifier of behaviour. If a behaviour sequence matures through regular stages irrespective of intervening practice, the behaviour is said to develop through maturation and not through learning. If training procedures do not speed up or modify the behaviour, such procedures are not casually important and the changes do not classify as learning .Pure cases like the flying of birds can be attributed to maturation. Another example, the child does not learn to talk until old enough, but the language which he learns is that which he hears.
2- What Learning includes
There are many activities which everyone will agree account as illustrations of learning: acquiring a vocabulary, memorizing a poem, learning to operate a typewriter. There are other activities, not quite as obviously learned, which easily classified as learned, once you have reflected upon then. Among these are the acquiring of prejudices and preferences and other social attitudes and ideals, including the many skills involved in the social interplay with other people. Finally there are number of activities whose acquisition is not usually classifiable as a gain or improvement because their utility. Among these are mannerisms.
3- One or More kinds of Learning ?
According to theorists , there are two varieties of learning . But these two varieties are not the only possibilities perhaps by using the common name " learning " to cover the acquisition of motor skills , the memorization of a poem , the solving of a geometrical puzzle , and the understanding of a period in history, we are deceiving ourselves by looking for common laws explanatory of processes that have little in common .
Hence the theorist has to choose between a single factor theory and a multi-factor one . Single factor theory means that there is one factor that controls learning, while multi-factor theory means that learning can be attributed to more than one factor (mainly, heredity and environment). Tolman at one time pointed to the possibility of seven kinds of learning .
Maturation النضج
growth النمو
chief أساس
competitor عامل
modifier مُهَذَّب/معدل
sequence يعقب
regular منتظم
stages مراحل
irrespective ماعــدا
intervening practice ما يتخلله التمرين
procedures إجراءات
casually بصورة طبيعية
classify تُصَنَّف
flying الطيران
attributed تعزى إلى
activities فعاليات
illustrations إيضاح
acquiring اكتساب
vocabulary مفردات لغوية
memorizing حفظ
poem قصيدة
operate تشغيل
typewriter آلة كاتبة
prejudices تَحَيُّز
preferences تفضيل
social attitudes وجهات نظر اجتماعية
ideals قيم
skills مهارات
social interplay التعامل الاجتماعي
classifiable قابِل للتصنيف
gain تحصيل
improvement تحسين
utility استعمال
mannerisms أساليب التعامل
two Varieties نوعان
common مشترك
motor skills المهارات الحركية
solving حَل
geometrical هندسي
puzzle مسألة
period فترة
deceiving تخدع
explanatory تفسيري
multi – factor متعددة العوامل
pointed to the possibility أشار إلى احتمالية
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
|