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Chapter Five
Schools of Psychology
Psychoanalysis. Freud and His Pupils:
Psychoanalysis was originally used to designate the technique of free association which Freud used in psychotherapy. Later it also came to mean the theory which Freud constructed to explain the material which emerge in psychotherapy. This can be considered from three different points of view:
1-The theory of mental structure.
2-The theory of libidinal development.
3-The economics of the mental dynamics.
The Unconscious:
Freud originally divided the mind into the conscious and the unconscious. The unconscious consisted of the representation of the instinctual forces which were always striving for expression in consciousness, and also of representations which had been conscious but because of their conflict with the person s general attitudes had been unconsciously forced into the unconscious or repressed.
The Structure of the Mind;
Freud divided the mind into three dynamic systems: The Id, The super ego, and the ego.
1:The Id
This is the fundamental source of all psychic energy, since it consists of all the instinctual needs striving for fulfillment. It includes the instinct of aggression as well as the sexual instinct.
2:The Super ego
This is the conscience .In the Oedipal stage, the child identifies with his parents and incorporates their standards of right and wrong. This interjected parental image acquires energy from the id and from the superego , which is partly unconscious .Since the parental image of the child of 4 or 5 years of age capricious, illogical , and even destructive, the superego may show these traits.
3:The Ego:
This has the task of balancing the demands of the real world, the id , and the superego . It has no energy of its own and has to borrow energy from the other two system.
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology:
Alfred broke away from Freud partly because he could not accept the rigid discipline of belief which Freud imposed on his followers, and partly because his own work had let him to a point where he could not accept the Oedipus complex as the basis of all neuroses.
Development of the Child:
The child s fundamental problem is the recognition of his weakness and helplessness in relation to the world. In consequence, he strives constantly to find some way of controlling his environment in order to achieve his needs. This is done by acquiring skills, but it can also be achieved by dominating adults and others who would then serve him.
Position in the Family:
The mode in which the striving occurs is strongly influenced by the early life experiences in the family. Thus the only child , who is the center of attention , will try always to maintain his position . If other children appear , they may be seen as rivals. The youngest child , who is always the weakest and most helpless in the family , is always trying to catch up with the others . These patterns of behaviour persist into adult life and becomes the "life style".
C.G Jung and Analytical Psychology :
Jung did not reject the idea of the unconscious, but regarded it as composed of individual repressed material and the inherited collective unconscious.
The Four Function :
These help the person to orientate himself .They are sensation, intuition, feeling , and thinking . These work in harmony in the normal individual and process the information he receives , but if one function is exaggerated there is a personality type. Sensation and intuition from one of opposed pairs and thinking and feeling from another .Thus sensation and intuition are different ways of dealing with perception , and thinking and feeling are different ways of evaluating situations. As a rule, two of the functions are prominent in consciousness, while the opposing pair are more important in the unconscious.
Pavlov and the Neo-Pavlovians:
The Conditional Reflex(CR):-
An inborn or unconditional reflex (UCR) can be associated with a neutral stimulus by applying it in conjunction with the natural stimulus with evokes the reflex. This produces a conditional reflex(CR). The conditional stimulus (CS) produces as focus of activity in the brain and this links up with the focus of activity produced by the unconditional stimulus (UCS).
Human Types and Neuroses:
In man, the UCR and the first signal system when stimulated produce an immediate response associated with an autonomic response, which is therefore an emotional response. The second signal system allows a rational evaluation of the environment and corrects the emotional response of the first signal system. This gives three personality types:
1. Average: in which the activity of the UCR and the first signal system is balanced by the second signal system.
2. Thinker type: in which the second signal system dominated .
3. Artist type: in which the CR and the first signal system play the major role.
حدد : designate
العلاج النفسي : psychotherapy
أسس : constructed
ظهرت : emerged
التركيب العقلي : mental structure
الجنسي : libidinal
ديناميكيات : dynamics
اللاوعي : unconscious
تمثيل : representations
فطري, غريزي : instinctual
تحاول جاهدة : striving
الصراع : conflict
وجهات النظر : attitudes
مكبوتة : repressed
الانا العليا : superego
الانا : ego
الأساسي : fundamental
الطاقة : energy
انجاز : fulfillment
العدائية : aggression
المرحلة الاوديبيبة : Oedipal stage
يعين, يحدد : identifies
عدم توافق : incorporate
صورة : image
هوائية : capricious
غير منطقية : illogical
تدميري : destructive
تتطلب : demands
تعليم : discipline
فرض : imposed
عقدة اوديب : Oedipus complex
تمييز : recognition
كنتيجة لذلك : in consequence
يسيطر على : dominating
منافسين : rivals
الموروث : inherited
البديهية : intuition
التناغم : harmony
مبالغة : exaggerated
معارضة , معاكسة : opposed
الانعكاس الشرطي : conditional reflex
اتصال : conjunction
يحث على : evokes
الذاتية : autonomic
فنان : artist
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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