Chapter One
Psychology ,Definition
and
The Historical Roots
What is Psychology?
Psychology is defined as "the science of mind and behaviour". Psychology
is concerned with the scientific investigation of behaviour and experience. It aims to understand the abilities, motives, reasoning, reacting, learning and doing of People .It is interested in both individual and group behaviour. It scope includes all kinds of behaviour ,whether it is "normal" or "abnormal" by children or adults. Psychology is concerned of anything which contributes to an understanding of the aspects of human behaviour.
Psychology as a Science:-
Psychology use scientific methodology in attempting to understand
behaviour .The scientific method involves a series of steps by which the psychologists arrives at a closer approximation to the true understanding of behaviour he is studying. The first step is to make a number of observations. Inferences are made from the observations, and the Inferences are elaborated in to a theory. Then the theory is put to experimental or field tests. The results of the tests give more inferences that either agree with the original theory, or cause it to be modified so that it more closely approximates the "true" state of the world. The series of steps can be schematized as follows:-
Observations ? Inferences? Theory? Hypotheses? Hypotheses Testing
The Historical Development of Psychology:-
The modern psychology is derived from four different streams of influence: philosophy, clinical studies, physiology, and mental testing.
1.Philosophy:-
One of the most prominent historical roots of psychology comes from the philosophers and their attempts to understand the nature of man through reason , logic ,and argument .
The most important philosophical roots of psychology come from the Greeks ,especially Plato and Aristotle. The British school of philosophy called British associationism and the German philosophy have been influential ,especially the writings of Leibniz and Kant.
The greatest influence of these philosophical ideas can be found in the areas of learning and perception.
In the United States ,the contributions of William James (1842-1910) of Harvard were influential in establishing psychology as an academic discipline separate from philosophy.
2.Physiology:-
The investigations of physiology ,in many ways, represent the most direct contribution to modern psychology. Our knowledge of the functions of the brain, its sensory systems, comes almost wholly from psychology. The ideas of the Russian psychologist Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) are clearly reflected in our current theories of learning. The work of modern psychologists is now affecting our theories of motivation and emotion.
3.Clinical Studies:-
The modern attempts to treat the mentally ill can be traced to Sigmund Freud(1856-1939). Frued was an Austrian physician who founded a new method of treating the mentally ill and developed a new theory of personality. Both the method of treatment and the personality theory are called psychoanalysis. Frued emphasized the role of unconscious impulses(whishes, desires, or motives). The behaviour of the individual, and especially that of emotionally disturbed individual, is thought to reflect his unconscious motives, which are always active even though unknown to him. Freud s influence is important through out all psychology.
4.Mental Testing:-
The fourth historical root of psychology comes from France, where Binet (1857-1911)developed the first standardized method of mental testing. He was commissioned to develop a method for identifying mentally retarded children so that they could be educated more economically and effectively in special programs. Even today one of the most important tests of intelligence, the Stanford-Binet , still bears his name.
5.Current Trends:-
Today we find psychologists work hard to understand man directly along the lines of the four historical approaches. Psychologists work toward understanding the psychological mechanisms supporting behaviour, they work in mental testing, they work to understand the rules governing learning and memory, and they work toward helping those who are mentally distributed. The psychologists work to understand the basic laws of learning and use concepts derived from mental testing; those working with mentally disturbed patients know the many kinds of intelligence that have been reported from mental-measurement efforts, and this information helps them to understand the potential abilities of their patients.
علم النفس : Psychology
يعرف : defined
سلوك : behaviour
يعنى : concerned
البحث العلمي : scientific investigation
خبرة : experience
يهدف : aims
فهم : understand
القابليات : abilities
دوافع : motives
الاستدلال : reasoning
رد الفعل : reaction
مهمته : interested
فردي : individual
جماعة : group
مجال : scope
يحتوي : includes
طبيعي : normal
غير طبيعي : abnormal
المراهقين : adults
يساهم : contributes
جوانب : aspects
بشري : human
علماء النفس : Psychologists
طرق علمية : scientific methodology
محاولات : attempting
طريقة : method
تستلزم : involves
سلسلة : series
خطوات : steps
تقريبي : approximation
ملاحظات : observations
استنتاجات : inferences
توصل إلى : elaborated
تجريبي : experimental
اختبارات ميدانية : field tests
نتائج : results
يتفق مع : agree with
النظرية الأصلية : original theory
يسبب : cause
تعدل : modified
تقترب : approximates
الحالة الصحيحة : true state
توضع على شكل مخطط : schematized
علم النفس الحديث : modern Psychology
مشتق من : derive from
مجالات : streams
تأثير : influence
أبحاث : investigations
علم الفسلجة : Physiology
تمثل : represent
إسهامات : contributions
معرفة : knowledge
وظائف : functions
الدماغ : brain
الجهاز الحسي : sensory system
تأثيرات : effects
الدافعية : motivation
منعكسة : reflected
يؤثر على : affecting
الدراسات السريرية : clinical studies
محاولات : attempts
يعالج : treat
عقلي : mentally
تتبع إلى : traced to
طبيب : physician
أكد على : emphasized
دور : role
الدوافع اللاشعورية : unconscious impulses
رغبات : desires
الأفراد المضطربين عقليا" : emotionally disturbed individuals
الدوافع اللاشعورية : unconscious motives
فعالة : active
مقنن : standardized
اختبار عقلي : mental testing
كلف : was commissioned
تعيين : identifying
الأطفال المتأخرين عقليا : mentally retarded children
يتعلمون : be educated
اقتصاديا : economically
بشكل فعال : effectively
برامج خاصة : special programs
ذكاء : intelligence
يتنبأ : predicting
صناعي : industrial
عسكري : military
طرق : approaches
ميكانيكيات : mechanisms
تدعم : supporting
تتحكم ب : governing
الذاكرة : memory
القوانين الأساسية : basic laws
مفاهيم : concepts
مشتقة من : derived
المادة المعروضة اعلاه هي مدخل الى المحاضرة المرفوعة بواسطة استاذ(ة) المادة . وقد تبدو لك غير متكاملة . حيث يضع استاذ المادة في بعض الاحيان فقط الجزء الاول من المحاضرة من اجل الاطلاع على ما ستقوم بتحميله لاحقا . في نظام التعليم الالكتروني نوفر هذه الخدمة لكي نبقيك على اطلاع حول محتوى الملف الذي ستقوم بتحميله .
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