HAP

Anatomy & Physiology of Respiratory system
Anatomical & physiological considrations:*gas exchange*inspired air travels through the nose & pharynx, where heated & humidified , filtiring particales > 10 Mm.* enterance to the trachea through larynx which open during ventilation & closed by epiglottis during swallowing.*trachea divided into RT &LF bronchi*foreign body dislodge in RT bronchus.*bronchi ---- respiratory bronchioles ---- alveolar ducts--- alveoli .*respiratory zone:*type I pneumocytes:*type II pneumocytes: (surfactant) 
Gas exchange
* ventilation perfusion diffusion
*ventilation:
----outward elastic force of thoracic cage
----inward elastic recoil of lung
---- inhalation & exhalation
---- muscles of respiration
----ventilation depend on:
1- resp control centers 2- respi effectors 3- resp sensors
* RT to LF shunt not corrected by O2 ????
* low conc of O2 in copd ?????

*
Lung defense mechanisms
1- physical
2- mucocilliary clearance
3- surfactant & other defensive proteins
Like IgA, G, M, complement, protinase inhibitors, MQ
CXR:
*name&date*view*pateint’s position*trachea*over or under pentration* sc*bone*lung tissue*costophrenic angle*cardiac chambers*cervical rib*under diaphragm
() CT scan:()MRI()PET()Pul angiography()U/S()Fluoroscopy()V/P scanning()oximetry()bronchoscopy()pleural biopsy , aspiration